EEE 1215

Operational Amplifier
Nayeema Hasan
Lecturer
Dept. of EEE, KUET.

1
 Basic Op-Amp

 An Operational amplifier or op-amp, is a very high gain differential

amplifier with a high input impedance (typically a few meg-Ohms) and
low output impedance (less than 100 ).
 Note the op-amp has two inputs and one output. Each input results in
either the same or an opposite polarity (phase) output, depending on
whether the signal is applied to the (+) input or (–) input.
 An op-amp is an active circuit element designed to perform
mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, differentiation and integration.

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 Basic Op-Amp

• The signal input is applied to the inverting (–) input

• The non-inverting input (+) is grounded
• The resistor Rf is the feedback resistor.
resistor It is connected from the output to
the negative (inverting) input. This is negative feedback.
feedback
• Ideal op-amp has infinite bandwidth, infinite common mode rejection
ratio and infinite slew rate.

3
 Op-Amp Gain
Op-Amps have a very high gain. They can be connected open-loop or
closed-loop.

• Open-loop refers to a configuration where there is no feedback

from output back to the input. In the open-loop configuration
the gain can exceed 10,000.

• Closed-loop configuration reduces the gain. In order to control

the gain of an op-amp it must have feedback. This feedback is a
negative feedback. A negative feedback reduces the gain and
improves many characteristics of the op-amp. To achieve
stable 　 operation, op-amps are used with negative feedback.
Thus the feedback is always taken from negative terminal of the
op-amp.

4
 Basics of Op-Amp

1. The currents in both of the terminals are zero:

i1= 0, i2= 0
This is due t the infinite input resistance. An infinite resistance between the
Input terminals implies that an open circuit exists there and current cannot
enter the op-amp.
2. The voltage across the input terminals is equal to zero.
v d= v 2 – v 1 = 0
So, v2 = v1
Thus an ideal op-amp has zero current into its two input terminals and
the voltage between the input terminals is equal to zero.
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Basics of Op-Amp

6
 Basics of Op-Amp

The KCL equation,

The differential input voltage, vd = v2 – v1
io= i1 + i2 + i+ + i-
The output voltage, vo = Avd = A (v2 – v1 )
A= open-loop gain

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 Basic Op-Amp
AC- equivalent circuit model of op-amp (without feedback):

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 Basic Op-amp
AC- equivalent circuit model of op-amp (with feedback):

Figure :Operation of op-amp as constant-gain multiplier: (a) op-amp ac equivalent circuit;

(b) ideal op-amp equivalent circuit; (c) redrawn equivalent circuit

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 Inverting Op-Amp Gain
Gain can be determined from external resistors: Rf and R1. The gain equation
can be derived from the AC equivalent circuit model.
Vo Rf
Av  
Vi R1

Unity gain—voltage gain is 1

R f  R1
 Rf
Av   1
R1
The negative sign denotes a 180
phase shift between input and
output.

Constant Gain—Rf is a multiple of R1

10
 Types of Operation
Single-ended Input:

(a) Non-inverting input (b) Inverting input

Single-ended input operation results when the input signal is connected to one input
with the other input connected to ground.

11
 Types of Operation
Double-ended Input:

Figure: Double-ended (differential) operation of Op-amp

In addition to using only one input, it is possible to apply signals at each input resulting in
double-ended operation. In figure (a) an input, Vd, applied between the two input terminals
(recall that neither input is at ground), with the resulting amplified output in phase with that
applied between the plus and minus inputs.
The difference signal is, Vd = Vi1 – Vi2

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 Types of Operation
Double-ended Output:

This difference output signal is VO = VO1 –VO2. The difference output is also referred
to as a floating signal since neither output terminal is the ground (reference) terminal.
Notice that the difference output is twice as large as either V O1 or VO2 since they are of
opposite polarity and subtracting them results in twice their amplitude [i.e., 10 V -(-10
V) = 20 V].

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 Types of Operation
Common Mode Operation:

Common Mode Rejection:

A significant feature of a differential connection is that the signals which are
opposite at the inputs are highly amplified, while those which are common to the
two inputs are only slightly amplified—the overall operation being to amplify the
difference signal while rejecting the common signal at the two inputs. Since noise
(any unwanted input signal) is generally common to both inputs, the differential
connection tends to provide attenuation of this unwanted input while providing an
amplified output of the difference signal applied to the inputs.
14
 CMRR

See the proof of CMRR from Boylestad page (612-614).

Also do example 14.2.

15
 Virtual Ground
An understanding of the
concept of virtual ground
provides a better
understanding of how an op-
amp operates.

The non-inverting input pin is

at ground. The inverting input
pin is also at 0 V for an AC
signal.

The op-amp has such high input impedance that

even with a high gain there is no current from
inverting input pin, therefore there is no voltage
from inverting pin to ground—all of the current
is through Rf.

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Practical Op-Amp Circuits

Inverting amplifier
Noninverting amplifier
Unity follower
Summing amplifier
Integrator
Differentiator

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Inverting/Non-inverting Op-Amps
Inverting Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier
 Rf Rf
Vo  V1 Vo  (1  )V1
R1 R1

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 Unity Follower

Vo  V1

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 Summing Amplifier

Because the op-amp has a

high input impedance, the
multiple inputs are
treated as separate inputs.

R R R 
Vo   f V1  f V2  f V3 
 R1 R2 R3 

20
 Integrator
The output is the integral
of the input. Integration
is the operation of
summing the area under
a waveform or curve
over a period of time.
This circuit is useful in
low-pass filter circuits
and sensor conditioning
circuits.
1
v o (t)  
RC  v 1 (t)dt

21
 Differentiator

The differentiator
takes the derivative of
the input. This circuit
is useful in high-pass
filter circuits.
dv 1 (t)
v o (t)   RC
dt

22
Op-Amp Specifications—DC Offset Parameters

Even when the input voltage is zero, there can be an

output offset.
offset The following can cause this offset:

• Input offset voltage

• Input offset current
• Input offset voltage and input offset current
• Input bias current

23
 Input Offset Voltage (VIO)
The specification sheet for an op-amp indicate an
input offset voltage (VIO).

The effect of this input offset voltage on the output

can be calculated with

R1  R f
Vo(offset)  VIO
R1

24
Output Offset Voltage Due to Input Offset Current (IIO)

If there is a difference between the dc bias currents for the same

applied input, then this also causes an output offset voltage:
• The input offset Current (IIO) is specified in the specifications
for the op-amp.
• The effect on the output can be calculated using:

Vo(offset due to I IO )  I IO R f

25
Total Offset Due to VIO and IIO
Op-amps may have an output offset voltage due to both
factors VIO and IIO. The total output offset voltage will be
the sum of the effects of both:
Vo (offset)  Vo (offset due to VIO )  Vo (offset due to I IO )

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 Input Bias Current (IIB)
A parameter that is related to input offset current (IIO) is called
input bias current (IIB)

The separate input bias currents are:

 I IO 
I IB  I IB 
I IO
I IB  I IB 
2 2

The total input bias current is the average:

 
I IB  I IB
I IB 
2

27
 Frequency Parameters

An op-amp is a wide-bandwidth amplifier. The following

affect the bandwidth of the op-amp:

• Gain
• Slew rate

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 Gain and Bandwidth
The op-amp’s high frequency
response is limited by
internal circuitry. The plot
shown is for an open loop
gain (AOL or AVD). This means
that the op-amp is operating
at the highest possible gain
with no feedback resistor.

In the open loop, the op-amp

has a narrow bandwidth. The
bandwidth widens in closed-
loop operation, but then the
gain is lower.

29
 Slew Rate (SR)

Slew rate (SR) is the

maximum rate at which an
op-amp can change output
without distortion.

ΔVo
SR  (in V/s)
Δt
The SR rating is given in
the specification sheets as
V/s rating.

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Maximum Signal Frequency

The slew rate determines the highest frequency of

the op-amp without distortion.

SR
f
2 πVp

where VP is the peak voltage

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General Op-Amp Specifications

Other ratings for op-amp found on specification sheets

are:

• Absolute Ratings
• Electrical Characteristics
• Performance

32
 Absolute Ratings

These are common

maximum ratings
for the op-amp.

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 Electrical Characteristics

Note: These ratings are for specific circuit conditions, and they often
include minimum, maximum and typical values.

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Op-Amp Applications

Constant-gain multiplier
Voltage summing
Voltage buffer
Controlled sources
Instrumentation circuits
Active filters

35
Constant-Gain Amplifier

Inverting Version

more…

36
Constant-Gain Amplifier

Noninverting Version

37
Multiple-Stage Gains

The total gain (3-stages) is given by:

A  A1 A 2 A 3
or
 R f  R f  R f 
A   1      
 R 1  R2  R3 

38
 Voltage Summing

The output is the sum

of individual signals
times the gain:

R R R 
Vo    f V1  f V2  f V3 
 R1 R2 R3 

[Formula 14.3]

39
 Voltage Buffer
Any amplifier with no gain or loss is called a unity gain
amplifier.
amplifier
The advantages of using a unity gain amplifier:

• Very high input impedance

• Very low output impedance

Realistically these circuits

are designed using equal
resistors (R1 = Rf) to avoid
problems with offset
voltages.

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Controlled Sources

Voltage-controlled voltage source

Voltage-controlled current source
Current-controlled voltage source
Current-controlled current source

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 Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source
The output voltage
is the gain times the Noninverting Amplifier Version
input voltage. What
makes an op-amp
different from
other amplifiers is
its impedance
characteristics and
gain calculations
that depend solely
on external
resistors.

42
Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source
The output voltage
is the gain times the Inverting Amplifier Version
input voltage. What
makes an op-amp
different from
other amplifiers is
its impedance
characteristics and
gain calculations
that depend solely
on external
resistors.

43
 Voltage-Controlled Current Source

The output current

is:
V1
Io   kV1
R1

44
 Current-Controlled Voltage Source

This is simply another way

of applying the op-amp
operation. Whether the
input is a current
determined by Vin/R1 or as
I1 :
 Rf
Vout  Vin
R1
or
Vout  I 1R L

45
 Active Filters
Adding capacitors to op-amp circuits provides external control of the
cutoff frequencies. The op-amp active filter provides controllable
cutoff frequencies and controllable gain.

• Low-pass filter
• High-pass filter
• Bandpass filter

46
 Low-Pass Filter—First-Order

The upper cutoff frequency

and voltage gain are given
by: 1
Av  1 
Rf
f OH 
2 πR 1 C 1 R1

47
 Low-Pass Filter—Second-Order

The roll-off can be made steeper by adding more RC networks.

48
 High-Pass Filter

The cutoff frequency is determined by:

1
f OL 
2 πR 1C1

49
 Bandpass Filter
There are two cutoff
frequencies: upper and
lower. They can be
calculated using the same
low-pass cutoff and high-
pass cutoff frequency
formulas in the
appropriate sections.

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Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET
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