KEHIDUPAN LAUT

LECTURE 2
MARINE LIFE

POKOK BAHASAN :
Dr. Beginer Subhan

Department of Marine Science & Technology

Faculty of Fisheries & Marine Sciences

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

OUTLINE

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

Let’s Watching Together!!!
 2.1 MARINE LIFE

What is living definition

according to a biological
perspective?

Dan mereka bertanya padamu

tentang ruh. Katakanlah ruh
itu termasuk urusan-Ku, dan
tiada kamu diberi
pengetahuan melainkan
sedikit (QS: Al-Isra. 85)

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

 2.1 MARINE LIFE

It is assumed that the origin of life on earth came from the

oceans
Biologists have named> 2 million species of organisms living
on earth and at least 10 million species have not been
identified
As many as 75 million species became extinct as a result of
evolutionary mechanisms within 4 billion years

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

 2.2 Understanding of Life Concept
Life is a process of interaction of various
chemical variations that occur in living things
The main material that supports life is water
(H₂O). Nearly 2/3 of the body of living things is
water, even some marine organisms such as
jellyfish are 95% water
Water is a universal solvent as a medium for
interaction of various complex molecules
Being able to use energy in synthesizing organic
material is a characteristic of living things
Generally, organic molecules in organisms
consist of four groups, namely carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

2.2.1 Organic Molecules

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

Carbohydrates

Consists of the main elements, namely C (carbon), H (hydrogen) and O (oxygen) with the general
formula CnH2nOn

Based on the constituent sugar groups, carbohydrates are divided into 3 (three) groups, namely:

1.Monosaccharides (C6H12O6)
Is a carbohydrate with one sugar group. It tastes sweet and dissolves easily in water. For
example: glucose, fructose, galactose, manose and hexose

2.Disaccharides (C12H22O11) n
Is a carbohydrate with 2 (two) sugar groups, it tastes sweet and is easily dissolved in water, like
monosaccharides. Examples: lactose (glucose + galactose), sucrose (glucose + fructose) and
maltose (glucose + glucose)

3.Polysaccharides (C6H10O5)
It is a carbohydrate with many sugar groups, tasteless and does not dissolve in water. For
example: starch, which consists of 60 - 300 sugar groups in the form of glucose, glycogen
(consisting of 12-16 sugar groups) and cellulose, pectin, lignin and chitin.

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

Carbohydrates

Functions of carbohydrates:
As a source of energy and regulation of metabolic processes
Maintain acid and alkaline balance in the body
As a building block for cell structures, tissues and organs
As a protective and buffering material, for example the structure of cellulose which is a complex
carbohydrate in plants
Some types of animals, such as crustaceans, use a modified carbohydrate called chitin as the
skeleton

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

 Lipids
Lipids or fats are hydrophobic organic substances that are difficult to dissolve in water, but can
dissolve in organic solvents such as chloroform, ether and benzene.
Lipids molecules consist of 4 parts, namely one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules.
Fatty acids consist of a hydrocarbon chain (CH) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). The glycerol
molecule has 3 hydroxyl groups (-OH) and each hydroxyl group interacts with a fatty acid
carboxyl group
Based on its chemical composition, lipid is divided into 3 (three) groups, namely:
1. Simple lipids
Composed of triglycerides consisting of one glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Examples include wax (wax),
plasticine (simple fats that are solid at room temperature) and oils (simple fats that are liquid at
room temperature)
2. Mixed lipids
Combination of lipids with non-fat compounds, such as phosphate, protein and glucose. For
example: lipoproteins (fat + protein), phospholipids (fat + phosphate), phosphatidylcholine (fat
+ phosphate + choline)

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

 Lipids
3. Derivatives lipids
Is a compound produced from the hydrolysis of fat. For example cholesterol, fatty acids,
sterols and glycerol. Cholesterol is a major component in animal cell membranes and a
precursor to the synthesis of steroid hormones, such as corticosteroids and sex hormones.

Functions of lipids:
As the biggest source of energy
Essential food carriers, such as vitamins A, D, E and K, are soluble only in fat
Protects the soft organs of the body, protects the body from low temperatures and keeps
the body exposed to air from drying out
The building blocks of the cell membrane
As a body float and its fatty acid content, it maintains the balance of the body of several
types of schooling sea fish
As a wax coat that repels water in birds and marine mammals
As a basic material for hormones, especially reproductive hormones

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)
 Proteins
Proteins make up ± 50% of the dry weight of organisms. Protein is not only a structural material
in the body such as fat and carbohydrates, but plays a very important role in the functions of life
Proteins consist of one or more polymers, each of which is composed of monomers called
amino acids. Each amino acid contains one carbon atom (C) which binds one hydrogen atom (H),
an amine group (NH₂), a carboxyl group (-COOH) and others (R group).
The body requires 20 types of amino acids, but only 10 types are known to be essential for the
body because they cannot be made in the body but their presence is very necessary for growth,
namely: methionine, threonine, valine, histidine, isoleucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,
arginine, leucine and lysine (MTV HIT FALL)

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

 Proteins

Functions of proteins:
Synthesizes important substances such as hormones, enzymes, antibodies and chromosomes
Promote growth, repair and maintenance of body structures from cells, tissues to organs
Participate in various chemical and biological reactions in the body (biocatalysts)
Balances the body's acid-base because it is amphoteric (can be acidic or alkaline)
Serves as a buffer system in the body
Provides energy

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are the biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential to all
known forms of life. The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and
RNA. They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomers made of
three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous
base.

Nucleic acids RNA (left) and DNA (right).

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

 2.2.2 Photosynthesis vs Chemosynthesis

https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/

The chemicals in hydrothermal vent fluid would be toxic to most forms of life familiar to us, but
amazingly, a unique ecosystem has evolved to live at hydrothermal vents. These organisms are not
dependent on sunlight and photosynthesis, but instead rely on chemosynthesis, a process in which
certain microbes use chemicals in the vent water to produce energy. They in turn form the base for an
entire food chain of animals. Chemosynthetic microbes grow on and below the seafloor and even
within other animals at the vents.

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

2.2.3 Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

https://science.howstuffworks.com/

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)
 Prokaryotic
a. Bacteria Escherichia coli yang (zoom 8000x)

b. Cyanobacteria (blue green

algae) from genus Oscillatoria

c. Blooming cyanobacteria
( Microcyctis spp.) in Horowhenua
lake, Manawatu-Wanganui
MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)
 Eukaryotic
a. Animal cell b. Plant cell

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

2.2.4 Plant Cell vs Animal Cell

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

 2.2.5 Organization Level
Level Example

Ecosystem Mangrove ecosystem

Community Intertidal community
Population Coral reef fish
Individual Fish
Organ system Transportation system
Organ Lungs
Tissue Muscle
Cell Muscle cell
Organelle Mitochondria
Molecule Water (H2O)
Atom Oxygen

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

2.3 Systematics and Evolution of Marine Life

2.3.1 Systematics
2.3.2 Evolution

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

2.3.1 Systematic
The taxonomic system was first
Carolus Linneaus (1707 – 1778) discovered by Carl Von Linne
(Carolus Linneaus) in 1735

Initially, Linneaus divided living

things on earth into two groups,
namely Plantae (plants) and
Metazoa (animals).

Classification cannot be applied to

marine life, until now the types of
living things on earth are divided
into 7 (seven) groups
Sumber : www.corbis.com

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

 7 kingdom classification

• Kingdom Monera/Chromista
• Kingdom Fungi/Eumycota
• Kingdom Protista/Protozoa
• Kingdom Metaphyta/Plantae
• Kingdom Metazoa/Animalia
• Kingdom Archaeobacteria
• Kingdom Eubacteria

The last two Kingdoms (Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria) are fractions

Catatanof:
Kingdom Monera. This separation is based on the discovery of the
number and structure of cells present in these organisms (Eukaryotic or
Prokaryotic).

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

A phylogeny tree that describes the possible relationships between each
kingdom on earth
MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)
5 kingdom classification

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

 Systematic

Kingdom Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum Phylum: Porifera
Class Class: Demospongiae
Order Order: Haplosclerida
Family Family: Petrosiidae
Genus Genus: Petrosia
Species :
Species. nigricans

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

Identified marine species :
Kingdom Phylum Total species % species

Monera Schizomycophyta 5000 50

Cyanophyta
Protista Pyrrophyta 1.200 93
Chrysophyta 12.600 50
Protozoa 30.000 50
Sarcodina 7.000 13
Ciliophora 1.500 99
Chlorophyta 4.000 98
Phaeophyta
Rhodophyta
Fungi Amastigomycota 500.000 0.001
Gymnomycota
Plantae Bryophyta 25.000 0
Spenophyta 15 0
Slycophyta 1.000 0
Pterophyta 12.000 0
Gymnospermophyta 722 0
Angiospermophyta 235.000 0.08
Metazoa 36 phyla > 1.200.000 32
MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)
From Kingdom Metazoa, at least 17 phyla are found only in the sea (endemic
to the sea or not living on land).

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

Evolusi
2.3.1 Evolution

• Until 1859, generally the western world

view that humans and existing animals
and plants were a special creation like
what we see today.
• On December 24, 1859, Charles Darwin
published the origin of species, through
natural selection, or the preservation of
favorite races in the struggle for life.

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)
HOW IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF
EVOLUTION THEORY ??

MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)

TERIMA KASIH
MARINE BIOLOGY (ITK211)