American Period (G3)

Ateneo de Zamboanga University
PHIHIS 1 – A
AMERICAN PERIOD
(1898 – 1946)
Ahaja | Beri | Estive | Go | Gonzaga | Ngo | Ovalo | Tingcang
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Overview
Overview
OUTLINE OF THE
PRESENTATION
Introduction to American Colonization
ICE BREAKER Effects of Colonization (Government, Education, Literature, Arts,

ACTIVITY Religious Freedom, Clothing, and Food)
How the Colonization Ended

Overview
OUTLINE OF THE
PRESENTATION
PUT A FINGER DOWN
ICE BREAKER
ACTIVITY AMERICAN PERIOD EDITION

1
Spanish-
2
American War
3 (1989 – 1946)

Unrecognized Insurgent Governments
•Spain ceded the Philippines to the (1898-1904)
1 United States
• United States Military • Dictatorial Government of the Philippines
Government of the Philippine (May 24, 1898 – June 23, 1898)
2
Islands - military government • Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
in the Philippines established by (June 23, 2898 – January 23, 1899)
3 • First Philippine Republic
the United States on August 14,
1898, a day after the capture of January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901)
4 Manila, with General Wesley • Tagalog Republic (1902-1904)
Merritt acting as military
5 governor.

Unrecognized Insurgent Governments (1898-1904)
Dictatorial Government of Revolutionary First Philippine Republic

1
the Philippines Government of the (January 23, 1899 – March
(May 24, 1898 – June 23, Philippines 23, 1901)
2 1898) (June 23, 1898 – January -established through the
-Insurgent government in 23, 1899) promulgation of the
3 the Spanish East Indies -established in the Spanish Malolos Constitution on
inaugurated during the East Indies on June 23, January 22, 1899.
Spanish–American War by 1898, during the Spanish– -It maintained governance
4 Emilio Aguinaldo. American War, by Emilio until April 1, 1901.
Aguinaldo, its initial and
5 only president.

Unrecognized Insurgent Governments (1898-1904)
Dictatorial Government Revolutionary First Philippine

1 of the Philippines Government of the Republic
Philippines
2

Tagalog Republic (1902–1904)
1 - two revolutionary governments involved in the
Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and
the Philippine–American War, one in 1896–1897 by
2
Andrés Bonifacio and the other in 1902–1906 by
Macario Sakay, who viewed it as a continuation of the
3 former.
-Andrés Bonifacio, a founding member of the
4 Katipunan and later its supreme head (Supremo),
promoted the use of Katagalugan for the Philippine
nation.
5

Insular Government of the
Philippine Islands(1901-1935)
1
- with William Howard Taft serving
2 as its first governor-general.
-was an unincorporated territory of Flag of the Philippines (1920–1935)
the United States that was
3 established in 1902 and was
reorganized in 1935 in preparation
4 for later independence.
Coat of Arms of the Philippines
(1905–1935)
5
Flag of the United States (1912–1959)

Commonwealth of the Philippines(1935-1946)
1
• Philippine Independence Act in 1934, a Philippine presidential election was held in 1935.
Manuel L. Quezon was elected and inaugurated as the second president of the Philippines on
2 November 15, 1935.
3 Commonwealth of the Philippines

-was the administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946
-Established following the Tydings–McDuffie Act to replace the Insular Government, a United States
4 territorial government.
-Its foreign affairs remained managed by the United States.
5 - It also established limitations on Filipino immigration to the United States.

Commonwealth of the Philippines(1935-1946)
1
3
Flag of the Philippines Flag of the United States with 48 stars
(1936–1985, 1986–1998)
4
5
Coat of arms of the Philippines
(1935–1940, 1941–1946)

Effects of Colonization
GOVERNMENT
The Aguinaldo Letterbook included letters and information that revealed
his fears and strategies regarding the revolution.
In 1899 he wrote a short book outlining his perspective of U.S. –

Filipino relations.
Since Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines

on January 5, 1899, he was also declared as the president of the rebel
government.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

GOVERNMENT
AGUINALDO’S LETTER ADDRESSED TO PEDRO
PATERNO
The last document was dated eight days after the declaration of
war by the United States against the Spanish Empire and two
days before the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1 which opened
the way for the American colonization of the Philippines.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

GOVERNMENT
• Emilio Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the U.S Government on April 19, 1901.
• This was a rebellion against the U.S military Government.
• It was not a period of peace but that of an uncertain calm in time of conflict.
• The U.S. Congress approved the Philippines Act on July 1, 1902, which provided the Philippines with limited
self-government.
• The U.S. government replaced the military government in the Philippines with a civilian government headed
by William Howard Taft on July 4, 1902.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

GOVERNMENT
Overall Analysis
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

EDUCATION
Public System of Education
• During the American Period, the government of the United States
highlighted the importance of providing free education in the
Philippines as a way to spread their cultural values, especially the
English language to Filipinos.
• In 1899, which was the year after the Americans secured Manila,
several schools were opened with 24 English-language teachers
and 4500 students.
Siliman University (Dumaguete City)
First American and Protestant founded institution for higher
learning in the Philippines and in Asia
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

EDUCATION
• Through the Act No. 854 of the Philippine Commission or
Public System of Education
Pensionado Act of 1903, academically gifted students were sent
• Every child from age 7 was required to enroll in schools located in
to the United States to finish their education and proceed to
their local town or province and were given free school materials.
become experts in their chosen fields or professions. They were
• Religion was not part of the curriculum of the educational
referred to as scholars and pensionados since the government
system, which can be related later on through the topic of religious
covered all of their educational expenses
freedom.
• It was instilled into the Filipinos that earning a diploma through
education is a chance to upward social mobility as it ensures
employment and acceptance in society.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5

EDUCATION
Judge Jose Abad Santos Francisco Benitez Dr. Honoria Acosta-Sison Francisco Delgado
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

U.S Army
Transport Thomas
EDUCATION
Act No. 74 of 1901 (Education Act of 1901)
• Authorized the import of more than 1,000 American teachers
to help improve the public education in the country
• These teachers were called Thomasites, derived from the ship
they traveled on, the U.S. Army Transport Thomas.
• The same law was also responsible for making English the
medium of instruction, as well as the establishment of the
Philippine Normal School (now known as the Philippine
Normal University) to train more teachers. Establishment of
the Philippine
Normal School
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

EDUCATION
Other Laws
● In 1902, the Philippine Commission established a high school system that was supported by
provincial governments. This included other learning institutions such as special education,
marine institute, school of arts and trades, agricultural and commerce schools.
● Several other laws were passed throughout the period, which paved the way for the opening
of many schools in the country.
● Remote areas such as Sulu, Mindanao, and the Mountain Provinces were not left behind
as attention was also given to vocational and health practices. University of the Philippines Manila (1908)
Founded through Act No. 1870 of the Philippine
Assembly
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ANALYSIS
● The
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

LITERATURE 3 Major Languages used:
HISTORICAL EVENTS 1.Spanish
• Spurred by two significant developments in education and culture. 2.Tagalog (and the vernacular)
• Introduction of free public instruction for all children of school 3.English
age.
• The use of English as a medium of instruction in all levels of LITERARY WORKS
education in public schools. • POETRY
• Was able to improve their social status and joined a good number of • SHORT STORY
educated masses who became part of the country’s middle class. • PUBLICATION
• DRAMA
McFerson, Hazel (2002). Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 99. ISBN 0313307911.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

LITERATURE
LITERARY STYLES AND THEMES
By this time, Filipino writers had acquired a mastery of English writing. They now
confidently and competently wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites
of love songs youth persisted. They went into all forms of writing like the novel and
DR. LILIA QUINDOZA-SANTIAGO
the drama. ● LQS to friends, was an award-winning
writer, teacher, anthologist, literary critic,
translator, and interpreter, known for her
LITERARY EXAMPLES outstanding research on Philippine
"A Rizal" by Cecilio Apostol; "Ante El Martir" by Claro M. Recto; "Ang Panday" languages [Ilokano and Tagalog],
Southeast Asian studies, popular cultures,
by Amado V. Hernandez. gender and sexuality, and literature.
National Commission for Culture and the Arts. (2015, June 2). Philippine Literature during the American Period.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Effects of Colonization In essence, the study of Philippine
literature in English aids us in
historicizing texts. Furthermore, it
also allows us to think of the extent
of American influence through the
ANALYSIS & CRITIQUE FROM THE AUTHOR use of their language
● Her work was always geared towards achieving social engagement and peace. She once wrote: "One of the
most powerful weapons that enable people to build peace is the imagination. It is the imagination that
creatively charts a new way of doing things, a new order. In the most solitary confines of detention when I Santiago kept on writing until the very end
had only the wall and the self to talk with, I fought desolation by keeping my mind at work. I imagined and of her life. She was a true believer in
equality, peace, and social justice.
wrote several stories to and of myself. I was re-inventing myself and began to discover there were other Unfortunately, she passed a relatively
selves other than the one that was with me. Those other selves were not as bitter and resentful, even as they short period in her lifetime but her legacy
were rebellious and free. Those other selves I imagined were better persons because they were not as in the intellectual, social, and cultural
shackled and restricted and repressed as I was. The imagination and desire to be free led me to write field will always be cherished by
generations now and in the future.
poetry."
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ARTS
“Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the Alfred William McCoy
American Era” is a collection of political cartoons drawn -an American educator from the University of Wisconsin,
and published by various Filipino artists during the four whose field of study is focused on Philippine political
decades of American colonial rule. history.
-authored “Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the
Political cartoons is defined as a modern art form American Era”
characterized by its exaggerated presentation of a person, Alfredo Reyes Roces
typically of influential public figures, to the point of - a contributor to McCoy’s book
ridicule. - Authored “Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo and the
Generation of 1972".
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ARTS
Figure 1. Cartoon published in The Independent on May

20, 1916.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ARTS
Figure 2. Cartoon was published by The Independent

on June 16, 1917.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ARTS
Figure 3. Cartoon published by Philippine Free Press showing

Colorum Car
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ARTS
Figure 4. Cartoon depicts a cinema.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
The contemporary concept of freedom of religion and worship was
almost simultaneously established to the Philippines through two
important historical documents:
1. The treaty of Paris, concluded in December 10, 1898 between

Spain and United States
2. The Malolos Constitution, the Organic Act which
promulgated during the short-lived Philippine Republic
under General Emilio Aguinaldo
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
➢ The treaty of Paris, concluded in December 10,
1898 between Spain and United States:
"The inhabitants of the territories over which Spain

relinquishes or ceded her sovereignty shall be secured in
the free exercise of religion.”
Figure 1: The Treaty of Paris Document
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
➢ The Malolos Constitution, the Organic Act
promulgated during the short-lived Philippine
Republic under General Emilio Aguinaldo
Title III - On religion Article 5 "the state recognizes the

liberty and equality of all religions in the same manner as
the separation of the Church and State".
Figure 2: Malolos Constitution
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

In his instructions to the Philippine Commission, which was then about to assume civil government in the
Philippines, President William McKinley enforced the unbreakable rule that each and every branch of government
must uphold
Bill of Rights 1987 Philippine Constitution

● Article 3 Section 5 "No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference,
shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights."
● Declaration of Principles and State Policies 1987 Philippine Constitution Article 2 Section 6. "The separation of
Church and State shall be inviolable."
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

CRITIQUE & ANALYSIS
A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

CLOTHING The traje de mestiza
ensemble rose in
popularity during the
• Accordingly, for the first five years of the American 1900s. This example
(formerly owned by
Colonization Filipino fashion didn’t changed much. Doña Mercedes
However, for the subsequent years’ modernization of Zialcita y Nakpil) is
clothing have imposed and Filipino began to adapt. from the late 1920s to
the early 1930s, its
• The women then wore the Traje de Mestiza, the more silhouette influenced
modern version of the Maria Clara. It had bigger sleeves by the flapper dress
and a narrower floor length skirt with a long train called
saya de cola and replaced the full wide skirt reflecting
the Edwardian Fashion of the West. Traje de mestiza during
the 1910's
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

CLOTHING Change is inescapable as time progresses. As a
Men wore the Americana, result of people's increasing fashion awareness
the suit and coat worn in and adaptation to today's more sophisticated
the West, mostly fashion, Filipino clothing nevertheless bears
Americans (hence the some American influence.
name), replacing the
traditional Barong Belts, Suspenders, Polo shirts, Tennis shoes,
Tagalog. Short, skirts/dresses, Bonnets/hats, High heels,
Pantyhose, Make-up, and etc.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

FOOD
• American influence on Filipino food is how some authentic meal was turned into a
frozen, defrost, cooked however one pleases, and enjoys.
• This technique was used on Filipino dishes when Marigold Commodities Corporation
teamed up with Ditta Meat Food Service Company to create these frozen Filipino meals.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

FOOD
Some Foods introduced by Americans
Hamburgers, Sandwiches, Oatmeal, Ketchup, Chewing gum, Apple pie, Mayonnaise, Hot dogs,
Steak, Ice cream, Corn flakes
Some American restaurants that have become very popular in the Philippines are:
McDonald’s, KFC, Dunkin Donuts
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature
of the American Era, 1900-41

How it Ended

How it Ended

How it Ended

How it Ended

How it Ended

How it Ended

How it Ended

How it Ended
Moro traders
1 approach an
American Coast
Guard vessel, 1945.
2 (photo: National
Archives)
General Douglas MacArthur wades ashore on Leyte

in 1944, two years after Japan had defeated
American and Philippine forces.
(photo: National Archives)

How it Ended

How it Ended

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American Period (G3)

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Ateneo de Zamboanga University

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

ICE BREAKER Effects of Colonization (Government, Education, Literature, Arts,

How the Colonization Ended

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Dictatorial Government of Revolutionary First Philippine Republic

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Dictatorial Government Revolutionary First Philippine

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

3 Commonwealth of the Philippines

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

In 1899 he wrote a short book outlining his perspective of U.S. –

Since Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Figure 1. Cartoon published in The Independent on May

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5

Figure 2. Cartoon was published by The Independent

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5

Figure 3. Cartoon published by Philippine Free Press showing

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5

Figure 4. Cartoon depicts a cinema.

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5

1. The treaty of Paris, concluded in December 10, 1898 between

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

"The inhabitants of the territories over which Spain

Figure 1: The Treaty of Paris Document

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Title III - On religion Article 5 "the state recognizes the

Figure 2: Malolos Constitution

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Bill of Rights 1987 Philippine Constitution

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

McDonald’s, KFC, Dunkin Donuts

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4