•The learner illustrates:

•Discussion on the definition of:

•(a) null hypothesis
•(b) alternative hypothesis
Learning •(c) level of significance

Competency: •(d) rejection region; and

•(e) types of errors in hypothesis
•(f) steps on hypothesis testing
•M11/12SP-IVa-1
 What do you think is the word?

hpyoehtiss
What is a
hypothesis?
The Null Hypothesis and Alternative
Hypothesis

The null hypothesis, denoted by Ho, is the hypothesis to

be tested. It has a statement of equality, such as >, <, or =.

The alternative hypothesis, denoted by Ha, is the hypothesis

to be tested. It has a statement of equality, such as >, <, or ≠.
Types of Hypothesis Testing
1. The directional test of hypothesis, more commonly referred to as one-tailed
test, makes use of only one side or tail of the statistical model or
distribution. It can either be a right-tailed or left-tailed test.
a. Right-tailed test: It is used when an assertion is made that the
difference falls within the positive end of the distribution. The alternative
hypothesis uses comparatives such as greater than, higher than, better
than, superior to, exceeds, above, increased, etc.
b. Left-tailed test: It is used when an assertion is made that the difference
falls within the negative end of the distribution. The alternative hypothesis
uses comparatives such as less than, smaller than, inferior to, lower than,
below, decreased, etc.
Types of Hypothesis Testing
1. The non-directional test of hypothesis, more commonly referred to as two-
tailed test, makes use of two opposite sides or tails of the statistical model
or distribution. It is used when no assertion is made as to whether the
difference falls within the positive or the negative end of the distribution.
The alternative hypothesis uses comparatives such as not equal to, different
from, not the same as, etc.
Example:
Identify the Ho and Ha of the following:
• The average weight of whole chickens sold at the local
market is 1.26 kg.
Example:
Identify the Ho and Ha of the following:
• Mr. Genesis claimed that his writers could finish the
work in less than three hours.
Type I and Type II Errors:
A type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it
is true. This means that a true hypothesis is incorrectly rejected.

On the other hand, A type II error occurs when the null hypothesis
is not rejected when it is false.
Example:
Identify the Type I and Type II Errors of the following:
• The average weight of whole chickens sold at the local
market is 1.26 kg.
Example:
Identify the Type I and Type II Errors of the following:
• Mr. Genesis claimed that his writers could finish the work in
less than three hours.
Level of Significance (α)
The level of significance, denoted by (α), is the probability of
rejecting the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis
when it is really true.

In hypothesis testing, the researcher decides what level of

significance to use at the beginning of the test. Conventional
significance levels such as 0.05 and 0.01 are frequently used in
hypothesis testing because of the desire to maintain a low
probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.
Level of Significance (α)
Rejection Region
• The rejection region pertains
to the set of all values for
which the null hypothesis will
be rejected.
Example: What is the rejection region of the
following scenario?
• The average weight of whole chickens sold at the local
market is 1.26 kg.
Example: What is the rejection region of the
following scenario?
• Mr. Genesis claimed that his writers could finish the work in
less than three hours.
Given the scenario: The average weight of whole
chickens sold at the local market is 1.26 kg.
• A hypothesis test was performed using 0.05, identify the following:
a. null and alternative hypotheses
b. possible Type I and Type II errors
c. level of significance and rejection region
Given the scenario: Mr. Genesis claimed that his writers
could finish the work in less than three hours.
• A hypothesis test was performed using 0.05, identify the following:
a. null and alternative hypotheses
b. possible Type I and Type II errors
c. level of significance and rejection region
Group Activity 1
• A teacher claimed that the average final exam math score of the
students in the university is higher than 85. The school supervisor
wants to test his claim using to determine whether the teacher’s
claim is true. Identify the following:
a. null and alternative hypotheses
b. possible Type I and Type II errors
c. level of significance and rejection region
Quiz 1
• Mr. Tolentino claimed that his carpenters could finish the
work in less than 2 months. A hypothesis test was performed
using 0.05, identify the following:
a. null and alternative hypotheses
b. possible Type I and Type II errors
c. level of significance and rejection region