•The learner illustrates:

•Discussion on the definition of:

•(a) null hypothesis
•(b) alternative hypothesis
Learning •(c) level of significance

Competency: •(d) rejection region; and

•(e) types of errors in hypothesis
•(f) steps on hypothesis testing
•M11/12SP-IVa-1
 What do you think is the word?

hpyoehtiss
What is a
hypothesis?
The Null Hypothesis and Alternative
Hypothesis

The null hypothesis, denoted by Ho, is the hypothesis to

be tested. It has a statement of equality, such as >, <, or =.

The alternative hypothesis, denoted by Ha, is the hypothesis

to be tested. It has a statement of equality, such as >, <, or ≠.
Types of Hypothesis Testing (Direction is
based on the Ha)
1. The directional test of hypothesis, more commonly referred to as one-tailed
test, makes use of only one side or tail of the statistical model or
distribution. It can either be a right-tailed or left-tailed test.
a. Right-tailed test: It is used when an assertion is made that the
difference falls within the positive end of the distribution. The alternative
hypothesis uses comparatives such as greater than, higher than, better than,
superior to, exceeds, above, increased, etc.
b. Left-tailed test: It is used when an assertion is made that the difference
falls within the negative end of the distribution. The alternative hypothesis
uses comparatives such as less than, smaller than, inferior to, lower than,
below, decreased, etc.
Types of Hypothesis Testing
2. The non-directional test of hypothesis, more commonly referred to as two-
tailed test, makes use of two opposite sides or tails of the statistical model or
distribution. It is used when no assertion is made as to whether the difference
falls within the positive or the negative end of the distribution. The alternative
hypothesis uses comparatives such as not equal to, different from, not the
same as, etc.
 Example:
Identify the Ho and Ha of the following:
• Scenario: The average weight of whole chickens sold
at the local market is 1.26 kg.
• Given: µ = 1.26 Verbal Form:
Ho: The average weight of whole chickens
• Mathematical Form: sold at the local market is 1.26 kg.
• Ho: µ = 1.26
Ha: The average weight of whole chickens
• Ha: µ ≠ 1.26
sold at the local market is not 1.26 kg.
Non-directional Test
Direction of Hypothesis Testing: Non-directional or Both end
tails or two tailed test
 Example:
Identify the Ho and Ha of the following:
• Scenario: Mr. Genesis claimed that his writers could
finish the work in less than three hours.
• Given: µ < 3 Verbal Sentence:
• Mathematical Symbol: Ho: Mr. Genesis claimed that his writers
could finish the work in greater than or
• Ho: µ > 3 equal to three hours.
• Ha: µ < 3
Ha: Mr. Genesis claimed that his writers
Direction: One-Directional – Left end tail
could finish the work in less than three
hours.
Type I and Type II Errors: (Ho)
A type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it
is true. This means that a true hypothesis is incorrectly rejected.

On the other hand, A type II error occurs when the null hypothesis
is not rejected when it is false.
Example:
Identify the Type I and Type II Errors of the following:
• The average weight of whole chickens sold at the local market is 1.26 kg.
Ho: µ = 1.26 or Ho: The average weight of whole chickens sold at
the local market is 1.26 kg.
Type I error – We commit Type I error when the Ho is True and you
rejected it. When it is true that the average weight of whole chickens sold
at the local market is 1.26 kg, and you rejected that claim, you have
committed a Type I error.
Type II error – When it is false that the average weight of whole chickens
sold at the local market is 1.26 kg and I did not reject the claim, I have
committed a Type II error.
Example:
Identify the Type I and Type II Errors of the following:
• Mr. Genesis claimed that his writers could finish the work in less than three
hours.
• Ho: µ > 3 or Ho: Mr. Genesis claimed that his writers could finish the
work in greater than or equal to three hours.
Type I error – We commit Type I error when the Ho is True and you rejected
it. When it is true that Mr. Genesis claimed that his writers could finish the
work in greater than or equal to three hours, and I rejected that claim, I have
committed a Type I error.
Type II error – When it is false that Mr. Genesis claimed that his writers could
finish the work in greater than or equal to three hours, and I did not reject
the claim, I have committed a Type II error.
Level of Significance (α)
The level of significance, denoted by (α), is the probability of
rejecting the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis
when it is really true.

In hypothesis testing, the researcher decides what level of

significance to use at the beginning of the test. Conventional
significance levels such as 0.05 and 0.01 are frequently used in
hypothesis testing because of the desire to maintain a low
probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.
Level of Significance (α)
Rejection Region
• The rejection region pertains
to the set of all values for
which the null hypothesis will
be rejected.
• Level of significance 0.05,
then that would be the area
of the rejection region.
Example: What is the rejection region of the following
scenario given the level of significance equal to 0.05?
• The average weight of whole chickens sold at the local
market is 1.26 kg.
• Ha: µ ≠ 1.26
• Direction: Two-tailed Test
• Rejection region is at both end tails, area is 0.05/2 = 0.025
each end tail.
Example: What is the rejection region of the
following scenario with α = 0.05?
• Mr. Genesis claimed that his writers could finish the work in
less than three hours.
• Ha: µ < 3
• Direction: Left-tailed test
• Rejection region is at the left end tail, area is 0.05.
Given the scenario: The average weight of whole
chickens sold at the local market is 1.26 kg.
• A hypothesis test was performed using 0.05, identify the following:
a. null and alternative hypotheses
b. possible Type I and Type II errors
c. level of significance and rejection region
- Level of significance is 0.05
- Rejection region is at both end tails equivalent to 0.025 each tail.
- 0.05/2 = 0.025
Given the scenario: Mr. Genesis claimed that his writers
could finish the work in less than three hours.
• A hypothesis test was performed using 0.05, identify the following:
a. null and alternative hypotheses
b. possible Type I and Type II errors
c. level of significance and rejection region
-level of significance is 0.05
-rejection region is at the left-end tail equivalent to 0.05.
Remedial Quiz 1
• A professor claimed that the average final exam math score of the students
in the university is higher than 80. The university president wants to test his
claim using 0.05 level of significance to determine whether the teacher’s
claim is true. Identify the following:
a.1 Mathematical Form null and alternative hypotheses – Ho (2 pts); Ha (2 pts)
a.2 Verbal Form – Ho and Ha (2 pts each)
b. possible Type I and Type II errors – Type I (2 pts); Type II (2 pts)
c.1 level of significance; (2 pts)
c.2 direction of the hypothesis testing; (2 pts)
c.3 rejection region and the area (4 pts)
Group Activity – 4th Quarter
• Everyone will write individually in the notebook – the answer to the
group activity. It will be checked by the leader. It will be noted in the
index card:
• GA – Manila Paper
• WO - Notebook
 Quiz 1 – 25 – 1 whole sheet of paper
• Mr. Tolentino claimed that his carpenters could finish the work in less than 2
months. A hypothesis test was performed using alpha = 0.05, identify the
following:
a.1 Mathematical Form null and alternative hypotheses – Ho (2 pts); Ha (2 pts) –
Total Points
Ho: µ > 2 Ha: µ < 2
a.2 Verbal Form – Ho and Ha (2 pts each) – 4 points
Ho: Mr. Tolentino claimed that his carpenters could finish the work in greater
than or equal to 2 months.
Ha: Mr. Tolentino claimed that his carpenters could finish the work in less than 2
months.
• b. possible Type I and Type II errors – Type I (2 pts); Type II (2 pts) – 4
pts
• Type I error, When it is true that Mr. Tolentino claimed that his
carpenters could finish the work in greater than or equal 2 months,
and I rejected the claim, then I have committed a Type I error.
• Type II error, When it is false that Mr. Tolentino claimed that his
carpenters could finish the work in greater than or equal 2 months,
and I did not reject the claim, then I have committed a Type II error.
• Level of significance – 0.05 (2 pts)
• Direction of the HT – left-tailed test (2 pts)
• Rejection region and area – left-end tail and equivalent to is 0.05 (4
pts)
 Quiz 1 – 25 – 1 whole sheet of paper
• Mr. Tolentino claimed that his carpenters could finish the work in more
than 2 months. A hypothesis test was performed using alpha = 0.05,
identify the following:
aa.1 Mathematical Form null and alternative hypotheses – Ho (2 pts); Ha (2
pts)
a.2 Verbal Form – Ho and Ha (2 pts each)
b. possible Type I and Type II errors – Type I (2 pts); Type II (2 pts)
c.1 level of significance; (2 pts)
c.2 direction of the hypothesis testing; (2 pts)
c.3 rejection region and the area (4 pts)
Learning Competency
• Identifies the parameter to be tested given a real-life
problem. M11/12SP-IVa-3
• Formulates the appropriate null and alternative
hypotheses on a population mean. M11/12SP-IVb-1
Parameter
• A parameter is a characteristic or measure
that summarizes the data for a specific
population. It is also referred to as the true
or actual value.
• Mean
• Standard deviation
Given the scenario below, identify the
parameter, null and alternative hypothesis:
• 1. Suppose a pizza shop advertises that their mean delivery time is
30 minutes. You doubt about their advertisement. State the null
and alternative hypotheses and the parameter.
• Parameter – Mean Delivery Time
• Math Form - Ho: µ = 30 mins
• Verbal Form - Ho: The mean delivery time is 30 minutes.
• Math Form - Ha: µ ≠ 30 mins
• Verbal Form – Ha: The mean delivery time is not equal to 30
minutes.
Given the scenario below, identify the parameter, null
and alternative hypothesis:
• 2. A school principal claims that the mean starting age of preschool
children in Metro Manila is at least three years old. It is assumed that his
claim is not true and believed that preschool children start schooling
before three years old.
• Parameter: Mean starting age of preschool children
• Math Form: Ho: µ > 3
• Verbal Form: Ho: The mean starting age is at least three years old. Or Ho:
The mean starting age is greater than or equal to three years old.
• Math Form: Ha: µ < 3
• Verbal Form: Ha: The mean starting age is less than three years old.
NULL ALTERNATIVE
= ≠

NULL ALTERNATIVE
> <

NULL ALTERNATIVE
< >
Quiz 2
• An accounting firm claimed that the average monthly
income of Filipino fresh graduate employees is
₱18,000. Identify the parameter and Ho and Ha.
Quiz 2 – ½ Crosswise – 15/15
• A shoe factory believes that the mean size for men’s shoes is
10 inches. Identify the parameter and Ho and Ha. (5pts)
• Parameter: mean size for men’s shoes (2 pts)
• Math Form: Ho: µ = 10 (2 PTS)
• Verbal Form: Ho: The mean size for men’s shoes is 10 inches.
(2)
• Math Form: Ha: µ ≠ 10 (2)
• Verbal Form: Ha: The mean size for men’s shoes is not equal
to 10 inches. (2)
Example 1
1. The school doctor said that the mean height of Grade 12
boys is greater than 147 cm. The claim was suspected to be
inaccurate. A random sample of 50 Grade 12 boys was tested
and found that the average height was 150 cm with a standard
deviation of 15 cm. Find the given and type of test:
Given: Type of Test: z-test since the
sample size is 50 which is
Population Mean = >147 cm
greater than 30.
Sample size or n = 50
Sample mean = 150 cm
Sample Standard deviation = 15 cm
Example 2
The bakers said that the mean weight of their banana cake is
300 grams. To check if it is true, the bakers selected a random
sample of 25 banana cakes and used hypothesis testing to
investigate. Determine what test statistic is appropriate for the
situations.
Given: Type of Test: t-test since the
Population mean weight of sample size is 25, which is less
banana cake = 300 grams than 30.
Sample size or n = 25
Quiz 3 – 15 pts – ½ crosswise
• Quiz 3 - Identify the given and the test to be used in the scenario
below:
• A courier service claimed that their mean transit time for deliveries
within Metro Manila is less than 5 days. A researcher did not believe
the claim and took a random sample of 30 deliveries and found that
the average transit time is 3 days with a standard deviation of 0.5 day.
• Given: (4 items or 8 pts)
• Pop. Mean, Sample size, Sample mean, sample s.d.
• Type of Test: 2 pts
Quiz 3 – 15 pts
• A courier service claimed that their mean transit time for
deliveries within Metro Manila is less than 5 days. A
researcher did not believe the claim and took a random
sample of 30 deliveries and found that the average transit
time is 3 days with a standard deviation of 0.5 day.
• Given: (4 items or 8 pts)
• Pop. Mean = <5 or 5 (2 pts) Sample mean = 3 (2 pts)
• Sample size = 30 (2pts) sample standard dev. = 0.5 (2 pts)

• Type of Test: z-test (2 pts)