Presenters Names

Rhelina Bea Sebastian Dharrel

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Properties and life cycle

SCHISTOSOMA SPP.
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Three schistosomes are frequently associated with human
disease, namely: Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma
japonicum, and Schistosoma haematobium. Blood flukes are
dioecious. Known as the “romantic parasites,” the male and
female worms are usually in a state of copulation (en copula).
Female worms are usually larger than the male worms. The
schistosomes are also obligate intravascular parasites.

The eggs are found in fresh water contaminated with the feces
or urine of infected humans. Once in the water, eggs develop
into a miracidium, that will then locate a snail as its host,
where it transforms into cercariae. Infection is acquired
through skin penetration by the fork tailed cercaria (larval
form). The parasite migrates into the bloodstream where they
undergo maturation.

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Properties and life cycle

SCHISTOSOMA SPP.
97% for you 16+ 2022
The location of the adults varies by species. For Schistosoma
japonicum and Schistosoma mansoni, after skin penetration,
the worms enter the veins surrounding the intestinal tract
(superior and inferior mesenteric and portal vein for S.
japonicum; inferior mesenteric for S. mansoni). Schistosoma
haematobium worms localize in the veins surrounding the
urinary bladder. The adult worms lay thousands of eggs per
day. The eggs produce enzymes that enable them to travel
through the tissue. The eggs then find their way into the colon
(for S. japonicum and S. mansoni) or into urine (for S.
haematobium) from which they are excreted

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LIFE CYCLE
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Eggs in fresh water contaminated with sick
persons' excrement or urine → grows into a
miracidium → finds a snail to serve as a host
→ changes into cercariae → Fork-tailed
cercaria (larva) skin penetration → Migrates
into the bloodstream to mature → Each day,
adult worms lay thousands of eggs → produce
the enzymes necessary for them to penetrate
the tissue → Urine (S. haematobium) or the
Colon (S. japonicum) → excreted
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PATHOGENESIS
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Depending on the species that is producing the infection, the
majority of the findings are brought on by the presence of eggs
in the liver, spleen, or walls of the stomach or the urinary
bladder. In addition to harming the walls of the small and large
intestines, S. japonicum eggs in the liver can cause granuloma
formation that results in fibrosis and portal hypertension. The
walls of the distal colon may be harmed by S. mansoni eggs.
The walls of the urinary bladder may become granulomatous
and fibrotic as a result of S. haematobium eggs.

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DISEASE: SCHISTOSOMIASIS
(BILHARZIASIS)
Asymptomatic infection – The most
prevalent type of the disease. Chronic
infection might cause symptoms
Early acute infection – characterized
by pruritic papules observed at the site
of entrance of the parasite. This is
known as "swimmer's itch" or "clam
digger's itch," and it is followed by fever
and chills, abdominal pain, cough,
bloody diarrhea, and weight loss after
2-3 weeks.
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Katayama fever – a systemic
hypersensitivity reaction to migrating
schistosomes, commonly associated
with S.japonicum. It is distinguished by
the quick onset of fever, myalgia, body
malaise, cough, diarrhea, and
eosinophilia 1-2 months following
parasite exposure.
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DISEASE: SCHISTOSOMIASIS
(BILHARZIASIS)

Infections with S. japonicum and S. haematobium

Cont: Lymphadenopathy and enlargement of the
can result in the development of nephrotic
liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly) are also
syndrome. S. mansoni or S. japonicum infection
possible. It can cause hepatic dysfunction, which
may predispose to recurring Salmonella
can lead to portal hypertension. Internal
infections. S. japonicum has been linked to the
bleeding from burst esophageal varices is the
development of hepatocellular carcinoma, or liver
most prevalent cause of mortality in this
cancer, and S. haematobium has been linked to
instance.
the development of urinary bladder cancer.
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LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
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Diagnosis is based on the presence of distinctive eggs in feces
or a rectal biopsy specimen for S.mansoni or S. japonicum, or
urine for S.haematobium. S.mansoni eggs have a robust
lateral spine, whereas S. japonicum eggs have a rudimentary
spine. S. haematobium eggs contain long terminal spines.

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TREATMENT
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Praziquantel is the medication of choice for all three species.
Oxamniquine is an alternate medication for S. mansoni.
Antimalarial medications such as artemether and artemisinins
have also been shown to be effective.

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PREVENTION AND CONTROL

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Schistosomal control has two goals:

1. Control of transmission by snail control, health education,

and the provision of sanitary facilities and water supply
2. Disease control. The primary focus of the Philippine
schistosomiasis control program (Department of Health) is
chemotherapy with praziquantel. Swimming should be avoided
in endemic areas to avoid infection.
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SCHISTOSOMA SPP.
Trematodes | Group Six

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