Topic:

The Problem of
Perception in
Organization
Finished files are the result of
years of scientific study
combined with the experience
of many years.
 True False
There are three people and a dog in the
room.
The Ahmad family owns a Television set.
The Ahmad family consists of Mr. Ahmad,
Mrs. Ahmad and Usman.
Mrs. Ahmad is having a before dinner
cocktail.
Mrs. Ahmad smokes cigar.
Usman is doing his homework while
watching TV.
They are watching nighttime TV program
 Facts Vs. Inferences
Definition 1:
• Anything that we agree to be true
• Problems with definition

Definition 2:
• “Quality of being actual”
• Problem with definition
 Inferences Facts
1 Are made any time- Are established after
before, during, and observation or
after observation. experience.
2 Go beyond what one Are confined to what
observes. one observes
3 Represent only some Represent as close to
degree of probability. certainty as anyone
ever gets.
4 Usually generate Tends to get agreement.
disagreement.
5 Are unlimited in Are limited in number.
number.
 Probability Scale

No Chance Probable Certain

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
• Hereditary Factors
• Environmental Background and
Experience
• Peer Pressure
• Projection
• Snap Judgment
• Halo and Tarnished Halo Effect
 A Few Fallacies
• Fallacy of Composition
• The Fallacy of Division
• Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc or (The Fallacy of
False Cause)
• Wishing it were so Philosophy
• Two Valued Reasoning
• The Fallacy of Composition

• Fallacy of composition is more formally

defined as the fallacy of assuming that what is
true of a part is, on that account alone,
alleged to be true also of the whole.
• The Fallacy of Division
• The assumption that what is true for the
whole is necessarily true for each of its parts
• Examples:
• Sun Shine
• Company sponsored human relation program
• ?
• The Fallacy of False Cause:
• When one event precedes another, the first
event necessarily causes the second
• Examples: ?
• Wishing it were so Philosophy:
• We all tend to believe what we want to
believe:
• Examples: