WPE: 407

Environmental Studies

Chapter-1: Introduction

Mohammad Shohag
Lecturer, DoWPE
BUTEX

Gratitude: Md. Sakirul Islam sir

 Curriculum Details
- Credit of the course is 3.
- Hour/Week 3.
- Total Hour 45.
- Total Week 15.

Part A Part B
1. Introduction 1. Water Pollution
2. Air Pollution 2. Solid Waste In Wet Process
3. Noise Pollution
4. Regulatory Issue

Part A: Mohammad Shohag

Part B: Tabassum Ferdous
 MARKS ALLOCATION

1.CLASS ATTENDANCE =8
2.CLASS TEST (5×4) =20
3.FINAL =72
TOTAL =100
 Reference Book:

1. Environmental Science by Dr. Y. K. Singh.

2. Environmental Studies by Erach Bharucha
Introduction
 Lecture – 01
Topics to be covered
• Definition of Environment.
• Concept of Environment.
• Components of Environment.
• Pollution and its types.
• Pollutant and its types.
• Important Questions of Lecture- 01.
 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT?
• The term 'environment' means, simply, 'nature’. Literary
environment means the surrounding external conditions
influencing development or growth of people, animal or plants;
living or working conditions etc.
• An Ecosystem(also called as environment) is a natural unit
consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms(Biotic
factors) in an area functioning together with all of the non living
physical(Abiotic factors) of the environment.
 Concept of environment
• The combination of biotic and abiotic factors composes environment, which
surrounds us and other organisms.
• Abiotic factors includes water, air, soil, light, temperature, etc. that affects
human beings the least.
• Biotic factors consists all forms of life like animals, plants, micro-organisms,
etc. that influence the environment much more in comparison to abiotic
factors.
• Human is an incorporated part of the environment and have very intimate
relationship with each other.
• It has been observed that water, soil, climate and language of human differ
from one place to other which is responsible for the generation of various
types of social and cultural activities all over the world.
• The people at hills have distinct life styles as compared to people in the low
land area. Similarly, people around the world differ in their food, cloth,
traditions, festivals, etc. All these are affected by the factors around them.
Components of environment
Atmosphere

Physical
Hydrosphere
component.

Lithosphere

Abiotic Producer
Biological
Environment
component.
Biotic Consumer

Society Decomposer

Cultural
Economy
component.

Politics
 Components of environment
(1) Physical Components:
• Physical component of environment includes air, water, soil,
light, temperature, climate, etc. are also termed as abiotic
components of the environment.
• These environmental components accounts for determination of
living conditions for the human population.
• Physical component of the environment is again classified into
three parts as follows:
• Atmosphere (gas)
• Hydrosphere (liquid)
• Lithosphere (solid)
These three parts portrays the three important states of matter
forming the environment.
(2) Biological Components:
• Biological component includes all living things like plants, animals
and small micro-organisms like bacteria, algae and fungi. These
interrelate with the abiotic component of the environment.
• Interaction of these two components forms various ecosystems like
forest ecosystem, pond ecosystem, marine ecosystem, desert
ecosystem, etc.
• All ecosystems has three different types of living organisms; i.e.
producers, consumers and decomposers.
• Producer includes mainly green plants and other
photosynthetic bacteria which produces organic food materials.
• Consumers rely on green plants for their living.
• Decomposers are responsible to decompose dead plants and
animals for the running of the natural cycles.

(3) Cultural Components:

• Cultural elements such as economic, social and political elements
are essentially manmade features, which make cultural milieu.
• This component is mainly consists of various groups of population
of different living beings like birds, animals, etc.
NATURAL BLESSINGS
PEACEFUL ENVIRONMENT
UP ABOVE THE MOUNTAINS
RUSH INTO ADVENTURE
EMBRACE HEART WITH CALM
OCEAN
LOST IN GREEN
Where Blue Touches Green
SAD REALITY
WATER POLLUTION
TOXIC SEA WATER
NOISY SURROUNDINGS
INDUSTRIALIZATION- CURSE/BLESSING???
 Pollution and Types
Pollution may be defined as an undesirable change in the
physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, water and
land which affects the human life and other animals, living
conditions, industrial processes and cultural assets. Pollution
can be natural or manmade.
Types of Pollution:
1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Noise Pollution
4. Soil Pollution
5. Marine Pollution
6. Thermal Pollution
7. Nuclear Pollution
 Pollutant and Types
Pollutant is a substance which causes the pollution such as CO 2,
CO, dust particle, NO2,CFC gas etc.
comes from a single
Point source source. easy to identify
and easy to address

comes from many places

Non point all at once. Harder to
source identify and harder to
address.

Bioegradable

Non-
Pollutants biodegradabl
e

Toxic
pollutants

Hazardous
pollutants

Carcinogenic
pollutants
Classification of Pollutants:
On the basis of natural disposal, pollutants are of two types:
(i)Non-biodegradable pollutants: Non degradable pollutant do not
degrade or may degrade at a very slow rate in environment.
These are inorganic compounds such as salts (chlorides), metallic
oxides waste producing materials like aluminum cans, mercuric
salts etc. More dangerous because it is more difficult to remove.
(ii)Biodegradable pollutants: These include domestic sewage that
easily decomposes under natural processes and can be rapidly
decomposed by natural/ artificial methods. These are garbage,
sewage, livestock etc. These cause serious problems when
accumulated in large amounts as the pace of deposition exceeds
the pace of decomposition of disposal.
 Important Problems(Lecture-01)
1. Define environment and discuss about its components.[6].{2016}.
2. Briefly describe the components of environment and pollutants.
[4]. {2019}
3. Define pollution and pollutant.[2]
4. Explain in brief about some common forms of pollution.[4].
{2015}.
5. Differentiate between degradable and non degradable pollutants.
[2].{2016}.
 Lecture – 02
Topics to be covered

• kind of pollutions are observed in spinning/knitting/dyeing mill.

• Few examples of environmental pollution from textile processing.
• Major impact area of textile processing on environmental
pollutions.
• Benefits of pollution prevention for an industry.
• Guideline of production and control practices to compliance with
pollution.
• Important Questions of Lecture- 02.
 Kind Of Pollutions Are Observed In Spinning/Knitting/Dyeing Mill
Spinning and weaving/knitting industry generates air pollution and sound
pollution but wet processing industry creates air pollution and water pollution.
Air pollution:
I. In spinning and knitting/weaving section
high level of dust particle, fine solid
particle, projecting fibres fly on air and
may inhale in lung.
II. During spinning process, Sulfur di-oxide,
metal sulfate, exhaust gases emitting
from poly-condensation, melt spinning
and fluff generation which creates air
pollution.
III. In Boiler, During steam generation sulfur
di oxide, nitrous oxide are produced
which causes air pollution.
IV. In dyeing and bleaching stage chlorine,
chlorine di oxide, carrier, aniline vapors,
hydrogen sulfide are produced.
Noise Pollution:
I. In Spinning m/c blowroom to ring
frame m/c causes noise pollution
(range 80-94db).
II. In weaving section, loom shed
occurs noise pollution due to
shuttle movement, sley
movement.(range 94-99db)
III. In knitting section high speed
automated m/c creates excess
noise.(range85-90db).
3. Water Pollution:
I. After dyeing process wastewater(effluent) which contains strong
chemical and intensive color with high load of BOD, COD,
Suspended solid(SS), TDS(total dissolve solid) all these causes
water pollution.
II. Below process and chemical are liable for water pollution in
textile industry:
a) De-sizing: starch, glucose, PVA, CMC, fat& wax, Resin.
b) Scouring: Caustic soda, soda ash, waxes & greases.
c) Bleaching: Hydrogen peroxide, acid, hypochlorite, chlorine,
caustic soda.
d) Mercerization: caustic soda.
e) Dyeing: Dyestuff, soda ash, mordant, reducing agent, acetic
acid.
f) Printing: Dyestuff, thickener (starch, gum oils), mordant, acid,
metallic salt.
g) Finishing: special finishes, Traces of starch, Tallow etc.
 Pollution In textile Industry
3 videos
 Few Example of Environmental pollution from
textile processing are:
1. Textile industry release hazardous waste material into the nearby
land.
2. Cotton consumes highest amount of harmful pesticides and
fertilizers. Majority of them fall on land thus pollutes land and make
them useless.
3. Cotton is highly water intensive crop and requires lots of toxic
pesticides to grow. About 16% of global pesticides used here. These
pesticides run off and pollute local ground water.
4. Textile dyes contains highly toxic chemicals including arsenic,
mercury, lead and other heavy metals which can not removed from
wastewater.
5. Finishing agent and dyes are next problem. Billion of gallon of water
is used annually to infuse and rinse finishing agent and dye into
fabric.
6. Water purification hampered due to mixing of hazardous chemical to
ground water that changes color, smell and PH of water.
7. Main sources of air pollution are boilers, thermo-pack, diesel
generators which generates gaseous pollutants such as
suspended particulate matter(SPM), sulfur di-oxide gas, nitrogen
di-oxide gas etc.
8. Major air pollution occurs during finishing stages where fabric are
coated by various plasticizers, water repellent, waxes, solvents
etc.
9. Again boilers, thermopack, diesel generators, compressor which
generates more 90db noise exceeding tolerable 75db and creates
noise pollution.
10. In spinning, weaving, knitting stage creates 80-99db sound.
Major impact area of textile processing on
environmental pollutions.
1. Raw materials: Use of pesticides in cotton fields has an
enormous negative environmental impact, cotton seed fly in
air. Dust storms are caused by cashmere goat over-grazing.
2. Manufacturing: Spinning and weaving/knitting industry
generates air and sound pollution again Textile dyeing and
finishing is a particularly high volume, high impact source of
water pollution and air pollution.
3. Good movements: Shipping long distance emits CO2 to
pollute air. By air shipment emits CO2 more than 40 times in
using a container ship.
4. Consumer care: Washing clothes in hot water(with
detergent) has large environmental costs and dry cleaning
requires a toxic persistent solvent.
 Guideline Of Production And Control
Practices To Compliance With Pollution.
1. Do not use of less degradable surfactants(in washing and scouring
operation) and spinning oils.
2. Consider the use of transfer printing for synthetics, use water
based printing pastes where feasible.
3. Consider the use of cold pad batch dyeing.
4. Use jet dyers instead of winch dyers where feasible.
5. Avoid the use of benzidone based azo dyes and dyes containing
cadmium and other heavy metals, chlorine based dyes should not
be used.
6. Do not use mercury, arsenic, banned pesticides in the process.
7. Recover and reuse process chemicals and dye solution
8. Substitute less toxic dye camers whenever possible. Avoid camers
containg chlorine.
9. Use peroxide based bleaches instead of sulfur and chlorine based
where feasible.
10. Use counter current rinsing and improved clearing and
housekeeping.
 Benefits of pollution prevention for an
industry.
Pollution prevention may result in several benefits for the textile
industry such as:
1. Loss reduction(process loss, productivity loss).
2. Reduction of chemical, water and energy consumption
resulting in increased production.
3. Reduced liability for waste produced.
4. Improved compliance with regulations.
5. Cleaner and healthy working environment.
 Important Problems(Lecture-02)
1. What kind of pollutions are observed in
spinning/knitting/dyeing mill? Explain with example[5].{2015}.
2. What are the causes of environmental issues in textile
industry?[4].{2015}.{2015}
3. what are the major challenges we are facing today for
environmental issue?[7].{2015}.
4. describe the major impact area of textile processing on
environmental pollutions.[5].{2016}.
5. What ae the benefits of pollution prevention for an industry?[4].
{2016}{2017}.
6. Suggest some guideline of production and control practices to
compliance with pollution.[4].[7]{2015}{2015}.
 Lecture – 03
Topics to be covered
1. Green house and how it works?
2. Green house effect.
3. Similarities of Greenhouse with Our Earth.
4. Basic mechanism of green house effect.
5. Major greenhouse gases and their sources.
6. Impact of Green house effect.
7. Way of reducing green house gases.
8. Role of urbanization in climate change in Bangladesh.
Watch a short video
on
Green house effect
 What is Greenhouse? And How it is worked?
GreenHouse:
A greenhouse is also called
a forcing structure, an artificial
environment in which plants are
“forced” to grow, despite the
harsh outside climate.
How it works?
Every greenhouse operates on
a simple physical principle called
“the greenhouse effect”.
Sunlight (short waves) passes
through transparent or translucent
materials such as glass or plastic.
When it strikes an opaque surface
inside (plant leaves, greenhouse floor, planters)  some of the light energy is
changed into heat. The darker the surface, the more heat is generated. The
greenhouse glass are good at transmitting light, but not heat. Therefore, most of
the heat stays inside.
Once the short waves hit the ground, they warm it up. Then the warmed air rises
and heats up the greenhouse. Then long waves radiate to the atmosphere.
 What is green house effect?
It is a natural process that has been happening for millions of years.
Gases and clouds absorb infrared radiation emitted from Earth’s surface
and re-radiate it, heating the atmosphere and Earth’s surface.
 Why it is called Greenhouse effect or What are the similarities of
Greenhouse with Our Earth?
• The process is called the greenhouse effect because the exchange of
incoming and outgoing radiation that warms the planet works in a similar
way to a greenhouse.
• The Earth and the Sun work in a similar fashion (on a much more
massive scale and a different physical process). The sun shines through
the Earth’s atmosphere and the earth’s surface warms up. Some of the
Sun’s energy is reflected directly back to space, the rest is absorbed by
land, ocean, and the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere trap heat radiating from Earth toward space.
 Greenhouse Cycle/Mechanism
The 6 Steps:
1. Sunlight(solar-radiation)
reaches Earth.
2. Sunlight energy absorbed by
Earth’s Surface; transformed
into heat and Radiated it out.
3. Radiation warms Air.
4. Radiation blocked by
Greenhouse gases and
Clouds and return heat to
Earth’s surface.
5. This is the trapping extra
heat and causing the earth’s
temperature to rise.
6. Some long wave length
Radiation exits into Space.
 What is Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gases are gases
 that allow visible light and UV radiation (short-wavelength/high
frequency) to pass through them(because of the nature of their covalent
bonds in their molecules)
 but absorb the infrared radiation (longer-wavelength radiation) of the
same frequency from the Earth converting sunlight into infrared heat
 and re-radiates this infrared radiation back to the Earth.

Major Greenhouse %Percentage

gases
Carbon 76%
dioxide(CO2)
Methane(CH4) 16%
Nitrous Oxide(N2O) 6%
Fluorinated Gases 2%
 Source Of Green House Gases
1. CO2 Sources:
Human: Burning fossil fuels and wood, forest fires, burning waste etc.
Natural: Respiration, decay of organic matter, natural forest fires.
2. CH4 Sources:
Human: Cattle farming, rice paddies (wet soil means any organic matter in it is
decomposed without oxygen), petroleum and natural gas production.
Natural: digestive tracts of ruminants, cattle, bogs or marshes, bacterial
fermentation – when organic matter is decomposed anaerobically, methane gas is
produced.
3. N2O Sources:
Human: use of nitrogen based fertilizers.
Natural: bacterial action.
4. CFCs:
Human: refrigerators, air- conditioning, aerosols in spraying cans, foaming agents.
5. SF6:
Human: electrical insulators
Some greenhouse gases are not naturally occurring – they are manmade
i. Carbon tetrafluoride iv. Chlorofluoro Carbon
ii. Sulfur Hexafluoride
iii. Hexafluoroethane
What Would Happen If Green House Does Not Exist?

• This equilibrium of incoming and outgoing radiation that

makes the Earth habitable, with an average temperature of
about 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius),
according to NASA.
• Without this atmospheric equilibrium, Earth would be as
cold and lifeless as its moon, or as blazing hot as
Venus. The moon, which has almost no atmosphere, is
about minus 243 F (minus 153 C) on its dark side. Venus,
on the other hand, has a very dense atmosphere that traps
solar radiation; the average temperature on Venus is about
864 F (462 C).
 Impacts of Greenhouse Effect?
1. Direct affects on temperature rise due to increase on amount of greenhouse
gases .
2. Global warming due to increase in the average temperature of Earth.
3. Rise of Sea Level due to melting glaciers/icecap.
4. Depletion of Ozone Layer.
5. Worsening of health effects and spreading of disease(malaria, cholera or
dengue).
6. Disruption of the water cycle.
7. Challenges to agriculture and the food supply.
8. Etc.
 Way to reduce green house gases and Effect?
1. Use of less Energy:- Electricity (replacing incandescent light bulbs
with LED bulbs, adding insulation to your home wall, smart
thermostat, green roof top)
2. Generate Electricity without emissions (solar energy, geothermal,
wind turbines, tidal energy, ocean wave).
3. Travel without greenhouse gases- responsible for 14% gas
emission.(bicycle, electric car, hybrid car, biking, public
transportation).
4. Reduce emission from Industry- responsible for 20% gas
emission.
5. Take carbon dioxide out of the air by carbon sink.(planting trees,
bamboo, conserving forest, grasslands etc.)
6. Reduce, recycle and reuse (reducing waste by purchasing reusable
products like getting a reusable water bottle, by recycling
househould waste you can save 2400 pound CO2 emission annually)
7. Don’t Buy Fast Fashion.
 Important Problems(Lecture-03)
1. What is green house effect? Illustrate the ways to reduce
green house gases and its effect.[2+5.5].{2017}
2. Explain the basic mechanism of green house effect.[2.5].
{2015}.
3. Write down about five major greenhouse gases and their
sources.[3.5].{2016}.
4. What Would Happen If Green House Does Not Exist?
5. Impacts of Green house effect.
 Lecture – 04
Topics to be covered
1. Climate Change.
2. Global warming and climate change.
3. Impacts of climate changes on the Environment and Human
Health.
 CLIMATE CHANGES
• Climate change is the connected system of sun, earth and oceans, wind, rain and
snow, forests, deserts and savannas.
• Climate change of a place refers to significant tangible long term changes- which
can be described by rainfall, temperature change, sea level, droughts and so on
during a several decades or even a century.
 Global Warming
• Global warming is the slow increase in the average temperature of the
earth’s atmosphere because an increased amount of the energy (heat)
striking the earth from the sun is being trapped in the atmosphere and not
radiated out into space.
• Global warming, however, is the equivalent of a greenhouse with high
efficiency reflective glass installed the wrong way around.

 How global warming instigates climate changing?

• Much of the world is covered with ocean which heats up. When the ocean
heats up, more water evaporates into clouds resulting in heavy rainfall.

• A warmer atmosphere makes glaciers and mountain snow packs, the Polar
ice cap, and the great ice shield jutting off of Antarctica melt raising sea
levels.

• Changes in temperature change the great patterns of wind that bring the
monsoons in Asia and rain and snow around the world, making drought and
unpredictable weather more common.
 Impacts of Climate Changes on Environment and
Human Health
(Ref# Environmental Studies by Erach Bharucha; Page-182)

1. The average temperature in many

regions has been increasing in
recent decades. The global
average surface temperature has
increased by 0.8° C over the last
century. In the near future, the
global mean surface temperature
will rise by 1.4° to 5.8°C. Warming
will be greatest over land areas,
and at high latitudes.

2. Many countries have experienced

increases in rainfall, particularly in
the countries situated in the mid to
high latitudes.
3. Human societies will be
seriously affected by
extremes of climate
such as droughts and
floods.

4. Global mean sea level is projected to rise

by 9 to 88cm (0.30 ft to 2.88 ft) by the year
2100. More than half of the world’s
population now lives within 60km of the
sea. They are likely to be seriously
impacted by an ingress of salt water and by
the rising sea. Some of the most vulnerable
regions are the Nile delta in Egypt, the
Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh,
and many small islands including the
Marshall Islands and the Maldives

5. Storms, have been more frequent,

persistent and intense since mid-1970s
compared with the previous 100 years.
6. Changes in climate may affect the distribution of vector species (e.g.
mosquitoes) which in turn will increase the spread of disease, such as malaria
and filariasis, to new areas which lack a strong public health infrastructure. The
seasonal transmission and distribution of many diseases that are transmitted by
mosquitoes (dengue, yellow fever) and by ticks (Lyme disease, tickborne
encephalitis) may spread due to climate change.
7. To a large extent, public health depends on safe drinking water,
sufficient food, secure shelter, and good social conditions. All these
factors are affected by climate change. Fresh water supplies may be
seriously affected, reducing the availability of clean water for drinking
and washing during drought as well as floods.

8. Water can be contaminated and sewage systems may be damaged. The

risk of spread of infectious diseases such as diarrhea diseases will
increase.
Important Problems(Lecture-04)
1. What do you mean by Climate Change? Write down the Impacts
of climate changes on the Environment and Human Health.
2. How Global warming leads to climate changes?