CLO/PLO Mapping of the Topic

No CLO Taxonomy PLO

Level
2 Apply the working 4 5
principles of
remote sensing,
GIS and their
respective data
acquisition
technique(s).

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 GIS DATA SOURCES &
CAPTURING TECHNIQUES
GIS Related Fields

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 GIS Related Fields
Cartography: making and study of maps in all their aspects

Aerial Photography: Aerial photography is the taking of

photographs of the ground from an elevated position

Satellite Imagery: Images captured from satellites are defined as

satellite imagery

Surveying: Surveying is the art and science of accurately

determining the position of points and the distances between them
• These points are usually, but not exclusively, associated with
positions on the surface of the Earth, and are often used to
establish land boundaries for ownership or governmental
purposes

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 Introduction
 More and more spatial data is becoming available in digital
form
 Selection depends upon many factors, such as:
 Need Assessment
 Format
 Coordinate system
 Scale
 Transformation issues
 Validity
 Price
 Availability / Restrictions
 Available skills / hardware / software
 Data preparation needs
 GIS Data Standards: describe the organization and
exchange format of geographic data as well as the
documentation of metadata pertaining to them

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GIS Data Sources
 Primary Sources (Direct spatial data acquisition)
GPS data
Terrestrial Surveys

 Secondary Sources (Indirect spatial data acquisition)

Satellite Images
Aerial Photographs / Photogrammetry
Global Sources (Normally Free)
Data clearinghouse (data from 3rd party)
National Mapping Agencies (SOP)
Other Govt. Dept./organizations, etc.

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 Primary Data Sources
Land / Field Survey
 To determine the positions (plane coordinates) of terrain features
in the field

 Instruments used:
 Level: Elevation data obtained by method of differential leveling

 Steel Measuring Tape or Tacheometer or Laser Range Finder for

linear measurements

 Theodolite for measuring angles

 Electronic Distance Measurement (Electronic Theodolite) using

infrared or visible lasers to obtain distance and angle
measurements at the same time – Total Station: measurements
saved digitally in instrument instead of manually in field survey
books
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Global Positioning System (GPS)
 Originally designed by U.S Department of Defense
(DoD)

 A tool for determining accurate positions on the

surface of the earth

 Computes positions using signals received from a

series of satellites

 Depends on precise information about the orbits of

the satellites

 GPS accuracy is already as good as the largest scale

base mapping available

 (Navigational, GIS and Surveying grades)

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GPS for GIS

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Secondary Data Sources
Aerial Photography / Photogrammetry
 Topographic Mapping (for last 50 years)

 A map like view of terrain and covers an extensive

area

 Available as hard copy or digital

 Photo can be used as a source to abstract

information - land use, moisture/heat levels,
geomorphology

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Vertical Perspective

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Oblique View

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Background

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Satellite Imagery

Few Satellites Data Distribution

Landsat Agencies
SPOT  SUPARCO
NOAA  USGS
Quick Bird  NASA
Aster  Digital Globe
RADAR Sat  SPOT
 Radar Sat
International
 Space Imaging

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SUPARCO

 Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research

Commission (SUPARCO) is the country's national
space agency
 It is responsible for the execution of space science
and technology programs in the country, as
approved by the Government of Pakistan
 www.suparco.gov.pk
 http://www.sgs-suparco.org.pk/

Satellite Ground Station15

 Coverage of SUPARCO Receiving Station

The acquisition zone of the SGS with a radius of approximately 2500 Km,
covers, including Pakistan, about 25 other countries, wholly or partially, in
the South Asian, Central Asian and Western Asian/Middle East regions 16
Other Data Sources at National Level

 Geological Survey of Pakistan

 Soil Survey of Pakistan
 WAPDA
 Meteorological Department
 Armed Forces
 NARC
 Revenue Board
 Population Census Department
 Planning Commission
 Development Authorities
 District Govts.
 etc………..

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