Name of Reporter: OLIVE B.

LLORCA
Course: Master of Arts in Education
Major in Administration and Supervision
Subject: ED 204- SUPERVISION OF INSTRUCTION
Topic: Experience and Learning: Situated Cognition, Incidental/Informal
Professor: Judith Bayos Maigue, Ed.D.
Date of Report: October 17, 2021
 CHAPTER 9

EXPERIENCE AND LEARNING:

Situated Cognition,
Incidental/Informal
 Agree or Disagree?

“THE REASON ADULTS LEARN ARE DIFFERENT

FROM THE REASONS KIDS LEARN”

OR

“ADULTS AND CHILDREN DO NOT LEARN THE SAME

WAY”
 MALCOLM SHEPHERD KNOWLES
(1913-1997)

 He was an American Educator well known for the use of the term
ANDRAGOGY as synonymous to ADULT EDUCATION. According to
Malcolm Shepherd Knowles, ANDRAGOGY is the Art and Science of Adult
Learning, thus Andragogy refers to any form of Adult Learning.

 MALCOLM SHEPHERD KNOWLES

 - THE FATHER OF ANDRAGOGY
 - Adult Educator
 - User of Learning Contracts
 - Promoter of Adult Education and Self-Directed Learning
 - Theorist
 - Humanist
WHAT IS ADULT LEARNING THEORY
OR ANDRAGOGY?

 ADULT LEARNING THEORY OR ANDRAGOGY is the

concept or study of how adults learn and how it differs from how
children learn and it was developed by Malcolm Shepherd
Knowles.
 KNOWLES’ FIVE ASSUMPTIONS OF
ADULT LEARNERS
- In 1980, Knowles made 4 Assumptions about the characteristics of adult
learners (Andragogy) that are different from the assumptions about child learners
(Pedagogy).
In 1984, Knowles added the fifth assumption.
 1. SELF-CONCEPT
-As a person matures his/her self-concept moves from one of
being a dependent personality toward one of being a self- directed human
being.
 2. ADULT LEARNER EXPERIENCE
-As a person matures he/she accumulates a growing
reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing resource of
learning.
 KNOWLES’ FIVE ASSUMPTIONS OF
ADULT LEARNERS
 3. READINESS TO LEARN
-As a person matures his/her readiness to learn becomes oriented
increasingly to the developmental tasks of his/her social roles.
 4. ORIENTATION TO LEARNING
-As a person matures his/her time perspective changes from one of
postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application. As a result,
his/her orientation toward learning shifts from one of subject-centeredness to one of
problem-centeredness.
 5. MOTIVATION TO LEARN
-As a person matures the motivation to learn is internal.
 WHAT ARE THE FOUR PRINCIPLES THAT
ARE APPLIED TO ADULT LEARNING?

 In 1984, Malcolm Shepherd Knowles suggested the 4 principles that

are applied to adult learning.
1. Adults need to be involved in the planning and evaluation of their
instruction.
2. Experiences (including mistakes) provides the basis for the
learning activities.
3. Adults are more interested in learning subjects that have
immediate relevance and impact to their job or personal life.
4. Adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented.
(Kearsley,2010)
SITUATED COGNITION LEARNING

 It is a theory that suggests learning is “ naturally tied to authentic

activity, context, and culture. (Brown, Collins and Duguid, 1989)
 WHAT ARE THE EXAMPLES OF
SITUATED COGNITION?
1.Field trips where students actively participate in an unfamiliar environment.
2.Cooperative education and internship experience in which students are immersed and
physically active in an actual work environment.
3.Music and Sports (Physical Education) practice which replicate actual setting of these
events.
4.Laboratories are used as classrooms in which students are involved in activities which
replicate actual work setting.
5.Learning one’s first language or a foreign language by immersion is widely held to be
easier than learning languages from textbooks and vocabulary lists.
WHAT IS INFORMAL OR INCIDENTAL
LEARNING?
 It refers to any learning that is unplanned or unintended. It
develops while engaging in a task or activity and may also
arise as a by-product of planned learning.

 Incidental Learning occurs outside of the restraints of

studying a structured program.
 WHY IS FORMAL OR INCIDENTAL
LEARNING IMPORTANT?

 Informal or Incidental Learning is at the heart of adult education

because of its learner-centered focus and the lessons that can be
learned from life experiences.
 Incidental Learning, on the other hand, almost always takes place
although people are not always conscious of it. (Marsick and
Watkins, 1990 p.12)
 WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF
INFORMAL OR INCIDENTAL LEARNING?

1. Turning a cup upside down to discover that

the liquid will fall out.

2. A five months old finding that when he pushes

the buttons, it makes music.
 WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF INFORMAL
LEARNING TO ADULT TO ADULT LEARNERS?

1. Learning is more focused.

2. Learning is more fulfilling.
3. It is more fun and happens at our pace, based on our interest.
4. We can begin learning without any significant learning plan.
 TEACHERS AS ADULT LEARNERS
 1. In 1989, Fuller proposed that “ Educational change is a learning experience for
the adults involved”.
 2.Our knowledge of adult learning tells us that it is important to link learning
innovations to teachers past experiences and allow them to integrate innovations
into their teaching expertise.
 3. In 1985-1990, Sternberg worked on the Experiential component of adult
intelligence indicates that novice teachers need to be supervised differently than
experienced teacher.
 4.BOTH Sternberg (1985-1990) and Gardner’s (1985) research on multiple
intelligences takes us beyond differences between novice and experienced
teachers and point to the need for identifying and utilizing different learning
strengths of teachers at all levels of experience.
THANK YOU!