Chapter 5 Introduction to

Polynomials
• Monomial: 1 term (axn “n” is a non-
negative integer, “a” is a real number)
Ex: 3x, -3, or 4xy2z

• Binomial: 2 terms
Ex: 3x - 5, or 4xy2z + 3ab

• Trinomial: 3 terms
Ex: 4x2 + 2x - 3
• Polynomial: is a monomial, or the sum or
difference of monomials
Ex: 4x3 + 4x2 - 2x - 3 or 5x + 2

• Are these polynomials or not polynomials?

-2 yes
xyab yes
| x – 3| No, absolute values are not
√x No, radicals are not
(1/2)x Yes
• Degree: exponents

• For a term with one variable, the degree is

the variable's exponent.

• Degree of a polynomial: the highest

exponent.

• If the term has more than 1 variable,

the degree is the sum of the exponents of the
variables.
• Coefficient: number in front of variables

• Leading term: term with the highest

degree. Its coefficient is called the leading
coefficient

• Constant term: the term without variable

• Ex1: -3x4 – 4x2 + x – 1
Term:
-3x4 , – 4x2 , x, –1
Degree
4 2 1 0
Coefficient
-3 -4 1 -1
Degree of this polynomial
is 4
Leading term
is -3x4 and -3 is the leading coefficient
Constant term:
is -1
• Ex2: -6x9– 8x6 y4 + x7 y + 3xy5 - 4
Term:
-6x9, – 8x6 y4 , x7 y , 3xy5 , - 4
Degree
9 10 8 6 0
Coefficient
-6 -8 1 3 -4
Degree of this polynomial
is 10
Leading term
is – 8x6 y4 and -8 is the leading coefficient
Constant term:
is -4
• Opposites of Polynomials:

1) 2x
Opposite is -2x

2) 3x4 – 4x2 + x
Opposite is - 3x4 + 4x2 - x
• Descending order: exponents decrease
from left to right

• Ascending order: exponents increase

from left to right

• When working with polynomials, we often

use Descending order
• Arrange in descending order using the
power of x
1) -6x2 – 8x6 + x8 + 3x - 4
= x8– 8x6 - 6x2 + 3x - 4

2) 5x2y2 + 4xy + 2x3y4 + 9x4

= 9x4 + 2x3y4 + 5x2y2 + 4xy
 Adding and Subtracting
Polynomials
• Same as combining like-terms:
Add or subtract only numbers and keep the
same variables
1) (-6x4 – 8x3 + 3x - 4) + (5x4 + x3 + 2x2 -7x)
= -6x4 + 5x4 – 8x3 + x3 + 2x2 + 3x -7x -4
= -x4 - 7x3 + 2x2 - 4x -4
2) (-6x4 – 8x3 + 3x - 4) - (5x4 + x3 + 2x2 -7x)
= -6x4 – 8x3 + 3x - 4 - 5x4 - x3 - 2x2 +7x
= -11x4 - 9x3 - 2x2 +10x -4