SOCIAL STUDIES 

HOLIDAY HOMEWORK
DONE BY: Mohammed Athiq 
CLASS: 10-I
Topic: NATURAL DISASERS
 o COVER PAGE                                            pgno: 1
o LIST OF CONTENTS                                 pgno: 2
o TOPIC NO1: EARTHQUAKES                     pgno: 3

LIST OF o STUDY OF EARTHQUAKES                      pgno: 4

o EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA                        pgno: 5
CONTENTS o TOPIC NO:2 TSUNAMI                             pgno: 6
o STUDY OF TSUNAMI                              pgno: 7
o TSUNAMI IN INDIA                                pgno: 8
o TOPIC NO:3 FLOODS                             pgno: 9
o STUDY OF FLOODS                              pgno: 10
o FLOODS IN INDIA                                pgno: 11
o CONCLUTION                                       pgno: 12
 • earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the

ToPIC N0:1
passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks. Seismic waves are
produced when some form of energy stored in Earth’s crust is
suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against

EARTQUAKES
one another suddenly fracture and “slip.” Earthquakes occur most
often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move
in relation to one another. The major fault lines of the world are
located at the fringes of the huge tectonic plates that make up
Earth’s crust.
• Little was understood about earthquakes until the emergence of
seismology at the beginning of the 20th century. Seismology, which
involves the scientific study of all aspects of earthquakes, has yielded
answers to such long-standing questions as why and how
earthquakes occur.
• About 50,000 earthquakes large enough to be noticed without the aid
of instruments
• Earthquakes occur annually over the entire Earth. Of these,
approximately 100 are of sufficient size to produce substantial
damage if their centres are near areas of habitation. Very great
earthquakes occur on average about once per year. Over the
centuries they have been responsible for millions of deaths and an
incalculable amount of damage to property.
 • Seismology is the study for earthquakes
• Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that
STUDY OF move through and around the Earth. A seismologist is a scientist
EARTHQUAKES who studies earthquakes and seismic waves
• Seismic waves are caused by the sudden movement of
materials  within the Earth, such as slip along a fault during an
earthquake. Volcanic eruptions, explosions, landslides,
avalanches, and even rushing rivers can also cause seismic
waves. Seismic waves travel through and around the Earth and
can be recorded with seismometers.
• There are several different kinds of seismic waves, and they all
move in different ways. The two main types of waves are body
waves and surface waves. Body waves can travel through the
Earth's inner layers, but surface waves can only move along the
surface of the planet like ripples on water. Earthquakes send
out seismic energy as both body and surface waves.
EARTHQU • 1993 Latur Earthquake
AKES IN
INDIA • • 1991 Uttarkashi Earthquake
• • 1941 Andaman Islands Earthquake
• • 1975 Kinnaur Earthquake
• • 1967 Koynanagar Earthquake
 • Following certain earthquakes, very long-wavelength water waves
in oceans or seas sweep inshore. More properly called seismic sea

TOPIC NO:2 waves or tsunamis tsunami is a Japanese word for “harbour

wave”, they are commonly referred to as tidal waves, although the
TSUNAMI attractions of the Moon and Sun play no role in their formation.
They sometimes come ashore to great heights—tens of metres
above mean tide level—and may be extremely destructive.
• The usual immediate cause of a tsunami is sudden displacement in a
seabed sufficient to cause the sudden raising or lowering of a large
body of water. This deformation may be the fault source of an
earthquake, or it may be a submarine landslide arising from an
earthquake. Large volcanic eruptions along shorelines, such as
those of Thera (c. 1580 BCE) and Krakota (1883 CE), have also
produced notable tsunamis. The most destructive tsunami ever
recorded occurred on December 26, 2004, after an earthquake
displaced the seabed off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. More than
200,000 people were killed by a series of waves that flooded coasts
from Indonesia to Srilanka and even washed ashore on the Horn of
Africa.
 • Seismology is the study of seismic waves, energy
waves caused by rock suddenly breaking apart within
STUDY OF the earth or the slipping of tectonic plates. We know
these as events as earthquakes. They can also be
TSUNAMI caused by explosions from volcanic eruptions and
testing of nuclear bombs. Seismology also studies
seismic waves deliberately induced by controlled
explosions, large trucks, and construction equipment,
usually to search for underground sources of
petroleum and natural gas.
• Seismologists study earthquakes and their results, like
tsunamis, and landslides. They may also monitor active
volcanoes for tremors and signs of an impending
eruption. They use seismographs and computer
equipment to collect and analyze data on seismic
events.
• This is also used in Earthquakes
TSUNAMI • 26/12/2004 : Tsunami in Indian Ocean
IN INDIA  • 13/09/2002 : Tsunami in Andaman and Nicobar
Islands
• 27/11/1945 : Tsunami in Pakistan(Indian)
• 27/08/1883 : Tsunami in Srilanka
• 31/12/1881 : Tsunami in Bay of Bengal ,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
 • A flood happens when water overflows or soaks land that is normally
dry. There are few places on Earth where people don’t need to
TOPIC NO:3 be concerned about flooding. Generally, floods take hours or even days
to develop, giving residents time to prepare or evacuate. Sometimes,
FLOODS floods develop quickly and with little warning.

A flood can develop in a many ways. The most common is

when rivers or streams overflow their banks. These floods are
called riverine floods. Heavy rain, a
broken dam or levee, rapid icemelt in the mountains, or even a beaver
dam in a vulnerable spot can overwhelm a river and send it spreading
over nearby land. The land surrounding a river is called a flood plain.

Coastal flooding, also called estuarine flooding, happens when a

large storm or tsunami causes the sea to rush inland.

Floods are the second-most widespread natural disaster on Earth,

after wildfires. All 50 states of the United States are vulnerable to
flooding.
 • Earth rainfall climatology Is the study of rainfall, a sub-
field of meteorology. Formally, a wider study includes
STUDY OF water falling as ice crystals, i.e. hail, sleet, snow (parts of
FLOODS the hydrological cycle known as precipitation). The aim of
rainfall climatology is to measure, understand and predict
rain distribution across different regions of planet Earth, a
factor air pressure, humidity, topography, cloud type and
raindrop size, via direct measurement and remote
sensing data acquisition. Current technologies accurately
predict rainfall 3–4 days in advance using numerical
weather prediction. Geostationary orbiting satellites
gather IR and visual wavelength data to measure
realtime localised rainfall by estimating cloud albedo,
water content, and the corresponding probability of rain.
 • 2018 Kerala Floods 
FLOODS • 2022 Maharashtra , Karnataka , Madya
IN INDIA  Pradesh Floods
• 2020 Assam Floods 
• 2015 Chennai Floods
• 2023 Kerala Floods 
CONCLUSIO
N 
DONE BY: MOHAMMED ATHIQ ANSARI 

CLASS: 10

SECTION: I

SCHOOL: SHARJAH INDIAN SCHOOL JUWIZAH 

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