OG 103 Test and Analysis of GSM Electromagnetic Background ISSUE1.0

Security Level:
Test and Analysis

of GSM
Electromagnetic Bac
kground www.huawei.com
ISSUE 1.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

Foreword
 In the GSM system, to extend the capacity, perform

frequency reuse. If the frequency reuse is more aggressi
ve, the network capacity becomes more large. If the reus
e distance is shorter, the interference becomes stronger.
 The interference has obvious impacts on call quality, call
drop rate, handover, and congestion. If there is a strong i
nterference in the band, clear frequency or apply for new
frequency.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

Purpose
After learning this course, you should be
familiar with:
 Interference source of electromagneti

c background
 Test methods of electromagnetic bac

kground
 Use of spectrum test instrument

Contents
Chapter 1 Impacts of Electromagnetic Interference on System
Chapter 2 Interference Source of Electromagnetic Background
Chapter 3 Introduction to Interference Test Tool
Chapter 4 Test Methods of Electromagnetic Background
Chapter 5 Use of YBT250
Training.huawei.com

Frequency of GSM System
GSM 900 : 890 915 935 960
Duplex distance: 45 MHz
EGSM: Uplink: 880MHz - 915MHz Downlink: 925MHz - 960MHz
RGSM: Uplink: 876MHz - 915MHz Downlink: 921MHz - 960MHz
GSM 1800 :
1710 1785 1805 1880
Duplex distance: 95 MHz
Channel interval: 200kHz

Impacts of Electromagnetic Interference on System
Impacts on Calls
If calls are failed, the calling parties hear beeps, and then hear call
drop sounds. (The prompt tones of different mobile phones may be
different.)
In the courses of calls, voice discontinuity, noise, silence, and call drop
often occur.
Impacts on System
Failures of SDCCH assignment and TCH assignment

Frequent call drop or high call drop rate
Low handover success rate
Much statistics of high level and low quality in the receiver level
performance measurement and the quality performance measurement

Contents

Category of Interference Source
 Nature Noise
Atmospheric noise
Galaxy noise
Sun noise (quiet period)
Human Noise
Interferences of automobiles or the engine systems

Interferences of communication equipment
Interferences of electrical power cables
Interferences of industrial equipment, scientific equipment,
medical equipment, and home appliances

Ambient Noise

Analysis of Interference Source
Equipment Faults
Faults of TRX, CDU, or Splitter

Out-of-band Spurious emission and intermodulation
Network Interference
Intra-frequency and neighboring-frequency interferences owning

to improper frequency planning
Repeater interference
Intermodulation interference
Off-net interference
Radar, intra-frequency radio equipment, interference generator,

Cordless Telephone, analog BTS, and CDMA BTS

Contents

Tools for Testing Interference
 Spectrum Analyzer
 Antenna
 Low-noise
amplifier/attenuator

Spectrum Analyzer
The spectrum analyzer is used to test the features of frequency dom

ains of signals, including spectrum, adjacent-channel power, fast tim
e-domain sweep, parasitic radiation, and intermodulation attenuation.
Key indexes
− F0
− Sensitivity
− RBW
− VBW
− SPAN
− ATT
− RefLv
− RMS
− Sweep Time

Specifications of Various Spectrum Analyzers
Model Operating Band Sensitivity Minimum

(1Hz) resolution band
HP8591E 30Hz-1.8GHz -145dBm 30Hz
YBT250 30-2500MHz -132dBm 1KHz

Antenna
Omni-directional antenna: Being convenient for measuring interferenc

e and not being convenient for locating interference
Directional antenna: Being used for searching interference source; Th
e searching capability is determined by the directionality and gain.
Directional antenna:
− Flat-antenna
− Yagi antenna
− Log-periodic antenna

Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA)
It is used for testing the receiver sensitivity of test appliance.
The LNA with 30dB gain and 5dB noise factor can be used.
LNA needs external power supply. Some appliances are equipped with built-in LNA,
such as YBT250.
In a cascading network, if the front of the system is configured with high-gain
amplifier, the noise factor of the system is determined by the first-class noise factor.
Attenuator
It is used for attenuating the power of input signals to protect spectrum analyzer
against strong signals.

Contents

 Section 1 Preparation
 Section 2 Setting of Basic Parameters
 Section 3 Measurement Course
 Section 4 Data Processing

Preparations
 Being familiar with the planning of local radio frequency band and usa
ge of radio equipment
Pilot office
− The available frequencies are not confirmed. The test frequency
band is distributed temporarily. For the noise test, you should swe
ep the full frequency band or choose several available frequency
bands based on the local frequency resources.
Commercial stage
− The available frequencies are confirmed. To eliminate the interfer
ences in bands, mainly test the available frequency bands of carri
ers.

Preparations
 Confirming time and place of test
Test for electromagnetic interference of uplink
− Test place: position of installing antenna
− Test angle: North by east 0°, 120°, and 240°
− Available antenna: Portable antenna and BTS antenna
Test for electromagnetic interference of downlink
− Test place: typical positions in the cell
− Test angle: North by east 0° ， 120° ， 240°
− Portable antenna
− Testing the places with strong interferences

Preparations
Ensure that the following tools are ready:
Spectrum Analyzer
GPS satellite receiver
Compass
Antenna
Vehicle

Preparations
Ensure the following tools are available:
If a spectrum analyzer has weak receiver sensitivity, the low-noise amplifier (LNA) is required.
Check whether connectors are matching and whether meters can be supplied power all the time.
Antenna type Model of connector
Portable omni-directional min N-shaped male

i antenna connector
Yagi antenna N-shaped male
connector
Common BTS antenna DIN female
connector
7/8 feeder DIN female connect
or
Small jumper DIN male connector

Common spectrum analyzer N-shaped female
connector

Setting of Basic Parameters
Set the basic parameters that are listed in the following table:
Parameter Description Remarks
Fo Setting based on test results Central frequency of

tested spectrum
SPAN Setting based on test results Width of tested

spectrum
Trace Choosing MaxHold or Average based Maximum value or
on accidental interference or continuou average value
s interference
RefLvl Setting based on the tested signals; Reference level
making signals in the middle of
spectrum analyzer

Test Course
Confirming Test Azimuth
Choose the position where the antenna is installed. Often make tests in t
hree azimuths. If the azimuth of antenna is confirmed, ensure the azimut
h of test antenna is the same as that of BTS antenna.
Search Interference
Search for interference in the uplink band, and then in the downlink
band.
Operations
− Enter the noise test interface of the YBT250, and then set Fo and SPAN.
− Fill in the record table, save data file, and check whether interferences exist.
Judging principle: Check whether there are interference waves that

are higher than the back noise

Test Course
 Confirming Interference
In the course of searching interferences, if interferences exist, make test for confir
ming the interferences.
To confirm interferences, proceed as follows:
− Enter the interface of testing YBT250, and then set Fo to the central freque
ncy that nears to interferences and set SPAN to 3×interference. Analyze the
distribution of signal spectrum. Confirm the interference signals. Record the
strengths of signals and azimuth angle and elevation of directional antenna
beam.
− Search new test point along the direction of antenna beam. Then, perform t
he preceding step to find interference source.
− If two places in different directions may have interference sources, the inter
section of the two places is the position where the interface source is. Thus,
perform search near the intersection.

Test Course
Downlink Drive Test
Drive slowly on the main streets where the signals of cell are covered.
If you find strong interferences, make downlink pointing test to confirm
interference source.
To confirm interference source, proceed as follows:
− Enter the noise test interface of the
− Set the Fo and SPAN. Drive at less than 15KM/H speed to perfor
m interference search.
− In the course of searching, if you find interferences, confirm the in
terferences.


Data Processing
Filling test results
 After constructing the test region,

fill in the Electromagnetic Interfe
rence Test Table.
 After constructing the entire netw

ork, fill in the Electromagnetic In
terference Test Report.

FAQs-Question
 Whether the interference level obtained

from the electromagnetic interference test
is the actual interference level that affects
the BTS or mobile station?

FAQs-Answer
 Because the test system and the actual syst

em may use different antennae and feeders,
confirm the interference level of BTS or mobi
le station based on test data.

FAQs-Answer
 Test System
 Antenna gain: 3dBi
 Feeder loss: 1dB
 Interference level: -90dBm
 BTS System
 Antenna gain: 10dBi
 Feeder loss: 2dB
 Interference level: － 90 － (3 － 1)+(10 － 2) ＝－

84dBm

Contents

Use of YBT250
 Connecting System
 Switching on
 Test
 Test Setting
 Test Result

Use Description of YBT250
 Before carrying out survey, use proper appliance to
make noise test.
 Use the YBT250 of Tektronix
 Features of the YBT250
 Being convenient for taking
 Integrated system with built-in LNA

 Connecting System
 The YBT250 is configured with yagi directional antenna.
 Use portable mini antenna to make electromagnetic background

test.
 The YBT250 is equipped with battery or can be connected exter
nal power.
 Switching on
 Press Power and enter the Windows CE operating system.
 Use the touch screen of the YBT250 to enter the test interface.

 Test
 The YBT250 has three test functions:
BTS information test
Noise test
Interference source searching

 The noise test has two kinds of shown modes:
− Spectrum mode
− Spectrogrum mode

 Test
The Spectrum mode is used for real-time test.

− Confirming the frequency band for test and setting the Fo of the c
entral frequency
− Modifying SPAN
− Checking the spectrum figure, modifying Fo and SPAN, and chec
king for interferences
− Options of the TRACE menu
▪ Normal, Max Hold, Min Hold, Max/Min Hold
− Saving the spectrum figure
Note: Set RefLvl and ensure that the test level is not more than
70dB
(Proper level of YBT250: 70dB)

Test
The Spectrogrum mode is used to check whether inte
rferences exist in the frequency bands. The horizonta
l axis represents frequency band and the vertical axis
represents time.
Operations:
− Setting automatic storage option and file name
− Setting the frequency band (Fo, SPAN)
− Opening the saved file and checking for interfe
rence
To check interference value, export the file:
− Exporting the figure
− Exporting data and saving it as a *.txt file, or a
*.csv file

 Setting Measurement Parameters
− Fo: central frequency of tested signals, MHz
− SPAN: 100MHz, 10MHz, and 5MHz
− RBW: Setting automatically based on SPAN
− MaxHold/Average: Maximum value, average value
− RefLvl: Setting based on interference level
 Output
Electromagnetic Interference Test Table
Electromagnetic Interference Test Report


Summary
In this course, we have learnt:

 Impacts of interference on the mobile network syste
m
 Source of interference
 Test method of electromagnetic background
 Use of YBT250

Thank You
www.huawei.com

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Security Level:

Test and Analysis

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

 In the GSM system, to extend the capacity, perform

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

 Interference source of electromagneti

 Test methods of electromagnetic bac

 Use of spectrum test instrument

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 3

Chapter 2 Interference Source of Electromagnetic Background

Chapter 3 Introduction to Interference Test Tool

Chapter 4 Test Methods of Electromagnetic Background

Chapter 5 Use of YBT250

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 4

GSM 900 : 890 915 935 960

Duplex distance: 45 MHz

EGSM: Uplink: 880MHz - 915MHz Downlink: 925MHz - 960MHz

RGSM: Uplink: 876MHz - 915MHz Downlink: 921MHz - 960MHz

Duplex distance: 95 MHz

Channel interval: 200kHz

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 5

Failures of SDCCH assignment and TCH assignment

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 6

Chapter 1 Impacts of Electromagnetic Interference on System

Chapter 2 Interference Source of Electromagnetic Background

Chapter 3 Introduction to Interference Test Tool

Chapter 4 Test Methods of Electromagnetic Background

Chapter 5 Use of YBT250

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 7

Interferences of automobiles or the engine systems

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 8

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 9

Faults of TRX, CDU, or Splitter

Intra-frequency and neighboring-frequency interferences owning

Radar, intra-frequency radio equipment, interference generator,

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 10

Chapter 1 Impacts of Electromagnetic Interference on System

Chapter 2 Interference Source of Electromagnetic Background

Chapter 3 Introduction to Interference Test Tool

Chapter 4 Test Methods of Electromagnetic Background

Chapter 5 Use of YBT250

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 11

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 12

The spectrum analyzer is used to test the features of frequency dom

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 13

Model Operating Band Sensitivity Minimum

HP8594E 30Hz-2.9GHz -142dBm 30Hz

HP8595E 30Hz-6.5GHz -142dBm 30Hz

HP8561E 30Hz-6.5GHz -145dBm 1Hz

YBT250 30-2500MHz -132dBm 1KHz

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 14

Omni-directional antenna: Being convenient for measuring interferenc

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 15

It is used for testing the receiver sensitivity of test appliance.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 16

Chapter 1 Impacts of Electromagnetic Interference on System

Chapter 2 Interference Source of Electromagnetic Background

Chapter 3 Introduction to Interference Test Tool

Chapter 4 Test Methods of Electromagnetic Background

Chapter 5 Use of YBT250

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 17

 Section 2 Setting of Basic Parameters

 Section 3 Measurement Course

 Section 4 Data Processing