New First Aid Presentation

ENVIRONMENT, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND EMERGENCY
RESPONSE OFFICE
CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT TRAINING
ACADEMY
FIRST AID
CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

ACADEMY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the concept of Emergency Medical
Service Systems.
2. Develop First Aiders with knowledge-skill-
attitude in activating EMS, lifting and moving
patients, and providing immediate care to life
threatening conditions.
3. Develop a foundation for advancement in EMS
training.

ACADEMY
INTRODUCTION TO FIRST
AID

ACADEMY
DEFINITION
 First Aid is a system of assessments

and interventions that can be
performed by a bystander (or by the
victim) with minimal or no medical
equipment.
 A first aid provider is defined as
someone with formal training in first
aid, emergency care, or medicine who
provides first aid.

ACADEMY
FIRST AID EDUCATION
Education and training can be useful to

improve morbidity and mortality from
injury and illness, and we recommend
that it be universally available.

ACADEMY
CARDINAL RULE
“Safety first of
Responder”

ACADEMY
BODY SUBSTANCE
ISOLATION

ACADEMY
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT

ACADEMY
ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION
 Direct
 Being sneezed on
 Vehicle (indirect)
 Touching contaminated linen
 Vector-borne
 Bitten by a tick
 Airborne
 Inhaling contaminated
droplets
ACADEMY
INTRODUCTION TO EMS
Emergency Medical Services System

ACADEMY
EMS LOGO:STAR OF LIFE

ACADEMY
EMS LOGO:STAR OF LIFE
 The Star of Life is a blue, six-

pointed star, outlined with a white
border which features the rod of
Asclepius in the center, originally
designed and governed by the
U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA) (under
the United States Department of
Transportation, DOT). Traditionally in
the United States the logo was used
as a stamp of authentication or
certification for ambulances,
paramedics or other EMS personnel.
Internationally, it
represents emergency medical
services units and personnel.ACADEMY
EMS COMPOSITION
 Medical Director
 Medical Protocol or
Standing Orders
 Other Paramedical
Professionals
 Emergency Medical
Technicians
 Ambulance with special
equipment
 Hospital
 Affiliate Hospitals and
Ambulances
 Other Units as Necessary
(Police, Fire, Traffic)
ACADEMY
LEVELS OF TRAINING
 First Aider
 Emergency Medical Responder
 Emergency Medical Technician – Basic
 Emergency Medical Technician –
Intermediate
 Emergency Medical Technician – Paramedic
 Specializations
 Dive Medical Technician
 Critical Care Paramedic
 Flight Paramedic
 Combat Medic
ACADEMY
MEDICAL, LEGAL AND
ETHICAL ISSUES
CAMARINES
CAMARINES SUR
SUR DISASTER
DISASTER RISK
RISK REDUCTION
REDUCTIONAND
AND MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENTTRAINING
TRAINING
ACADEMY
ACADEMY
Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues
 Scope of practice
 Outlines care you can provide
Standard of Care
- Specific rules and procedures of your service or organization
 Duty to Act
 - Individual’s responsibility to provide patient care.
 Negligence
- Failure to provide the same care that a person with similar
training would provide
ACADEMY
 Abandonment
Termination of care without provisions for continued care
 Assault
Unlawfully placing a person in fear of immediate bodily harm
without consent
 Battery
 - Unlawfully touching a person
 Confidentiality
 - Information received from or about a patient is considered
confidential.

ACADEMY
MEDICAL, LEGAL AND ETHICAL
Consent
ISSUES
Before treating a patient, must

obtain consent from patient, parent,
guardian

ACADEMY
TYPES OF CONSENT
FORMAL CONSENT
Expressed Consent- is permission for something that is given

specifically, either verbally or in writing.
Informed Consent- is a process for getting permission before

conducting a healthcare intervention on a person, or for
disclosing personal information.

ACADEMY
TYPES OF CONSENT
IMPLIED CONSENT-is consent which is not expressly granted

by a person, but rather implicitly granted by a person's actions
and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in
some cases, by a person's silence or inaction).
LAW OF EMANCIPATED MINOR- Emancipated minors are no

longer considered to be under the care and control of parents --
instead, they take responsibility for their own care.

ACADEMY
EMERGENCY ACTION
PRINCIPLES

ACADEMY
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
RECOGNITION
1. Scene Size-up
2. Safety First: Rescuer, Buddy,
Bystander, Victim
3. Body Substance Isolation precaution
4. Consider MOI or NOI
5. Determine Number of Patients (Mass
Casualty Incident)
6. Consider additional resources
7. Consider C-Spine precaution

ACADEMY
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
 Level of Consciousness
 Circulation
 Airway
 Breathing

ACADEMY
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
 Level of Consciousness
 A – Alert
 V – Responsive to Voice
 P – Responsive to Pain
 U - Unresponsive

ACADEMY
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
Circulation
Carotid Pulse
Airway
Head-Tilt-Chin-Lift
Jaw Thrust Maneuver
Breathing
Signs of breathing
ACADEMY
SECONDARY ASSESSMENT
H-ead to toe physical

examination
I-nterview
V-ital Signs
ACADEMY
 Head to toe physical

examination
D - Deformities
C - Contusion
A - Abrasion
P - Puncture
B - Burns
T - Tenderness
L - Laceration
S - Swelling
ACADEMY
 Interview
Patient Information • Medical history

Name S – Signs and Symptoms O - Onset
Age A – Allergies P - Provocation
M – Medication Q – Quality of Pain
Sex/Gender
P – Past/Present medical history R - Radiation
Address
L – Last intake/output S – Severity
Contact Number E – Event Prior to injuries/Illness T- Timing

ACADEMY
NORMAL VITAL SIGNS
 Pulse Rate:
Age Range (beats/min)

 Infant: 1 month to 1 year 100 to 160
 Toddler: 1 to 3 years 90 to 150
 Preschool-age: 3 to 6 year 80 to 140
 School-age: 6 to 12 years 70 to 120
 Adolescent: 12 to 18 years 60 to 100
 Adult: 18 years and above 60 to 80
ACADEMY
NORMAL VITAL SIGNS
Blood Pressure:
Age Range
Adults 90 to 140 mm Hg (systolic)
Children (1 to 8 years) 80 to 110 mm Hg (systolic)
Infants (newborn to 1 year) 50 to 95(systolic)

ACADEMY
NORMAL VITAL SIGNS
Respiratory Rate:
Adults 12 to 20 breaths/min
Children 15 to 30 breaths/min
Infants 25 to 50 breaths/min

ACADEMY
NORMAL VITAL SIGNS
 Temperature:

ACADEMY
NORMAL VITAL SIGNS
 Oxygen Saturation:
 95%-100%

ACADEMY
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

ACADEMY
RESPIRATORY
EMERGENCIES

ACADEMY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiration-the process of
gaseous exchange between
the individual and the
environment, via ventilation
thru INHALATION AND
EXHALATION of oxygen.

ACADEMY
CHARACTERISTICS OF ADEQUATE
AND NORMAL BREATHING
 Normal rate and depth

 Regular breathing pattern
 Good breath sounds on both sides
of the chest
 Equal rise and fall of chest
 Pink, warm, dry skin
 No thickening of distal finger
width, no clubbing of nails

ACADEMY
ASTHMA
Common but serious disease

Asthma is an acute spasm of the bronchioles.
Wheezing may be audible without a stethoscope.

ACADEMY
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Refers to two-long term lung diseases:
 Chronic Bronchitis
 Emphysema
Main Symptom:
 daily cough and mucus(sputum)
production
 shortness of breath esp during activity
 wheezing

ACADEMY
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
SYNDROME (ARDS)
When fluid builds up in the tiny elastic air
sac in your lungs
 Chronic Bronchitis
 Emphysema
Symptom:
 Severe shortness of breath
 Low blood pressure
 Confusion and extreme tiredness

ACADEMY
RESPIRATORY FAILURE
 Inadequate ventilation
to support life
 Not able to maintain
mental status, display
muscle tone
 Inadequate amount of
air to lungs

ACADEMY
RESPIRATORY ARREST
 Complete cessation of
breathing
 Can progress to cardiac
arrest
 Can occur from
 Electrocution
 Lightning strikes
 Spinal cord injury

ACADEMY
CARDIOVASCULAR
EMERGENCIES

ACADEMY
NORMAL BLOOD FLOW OF HEART

ACADEMY
ANGINA PECTORIS
 is a term used for chest pain caused by

reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
 TYPES OF ANGINA
 Stable-usually triggered by physical exertion
 Unstable-Due to rupture and blood clots
form, usually leads to heart atteck
 Variant (Prinzmetal)-caused by spasm in
Coronary artery. May occur even if at rest, and
usually rest.
 CAUSE
 Coronary Artery Disease (atherosclerosis)

ACADEMY
ANGINA PECTORIS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

 Squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness pain
 Pain in your arms, neck jaw, shoulder or back
accompanying chest pain
 Nausea
 Fatigue
 Shortness of breath
 Sweating
 Dizziness

ACADEMY
ANGINA PECTORIS
MANAGEMENT
1. Call Emergency Medical Services
promptly.
2. Place patient in semi-high Fowler’s
position
3. Provide emotional support, avoid/limit
the patient’s stressors.
4. Instruct client to notify physician
immediately if pain occurs and persists,
despite rest and medication
administration.
ACADEMY
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
 Sudden coronary occlusion and

abrupt cessation of blood and oxygen
flow to the heart muscle.
CAUSES
 Coronary Athesclerotic Dse
 Coronary
Thrombosis/Embolism
 Direct Trauma
 Decreased blood flow (shock)/
Hemorrhage
ACADEMY
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

 Crushing, severe and
prolonged pain unrelieved
by rest and nitroglycerine.
Radiating to one or both
arms, neck and back
 Levine Sign- chest hand
clutching
 Anxiety and apprehension
 Sense of impending doom
and restlessness
ACADEMY
MANAGEMENT
1. Stop activity immediately and
advised to avoid over fatigue
2. Oxygen supplementation
3. Position in semi-fowlers position
4. Monitor pulse and breathing of
patient.
5. Transport immediately to hospital.

ACADEMY
ANGINA PECTORIS VS MYOCARDIAL
INFARCTION
ANGINA PECTORIS MYOCARDIAL
INFARCTION
PAIN Squeezing, pressure, Crushing and severe,

heaviness, tightness prolonged
pain
ACTIVITY May caused by May or may not be
exertion caused by exertion
MEDICATIONS Relieved Not relieved
REST Relieved Not relieved

ACADEMY
NEUROLOGIC
EMERGENCIES

ACADEMY
CEREBROVASCULAR
ACCIDENT/STROKE
Interruption of blood flow to the brain that
results in the loss of brain function
Hemorrhagic Stroke- rupture of blood vessel in
brain
Ischemic Stroke-blockage of blood flow to the
brain due to blood clot.
CAUSES
Prolonged increase blood pressure
Thrombosis
Embolism

ACADEMY
CEREBROVASCULAR
ACCIDENT/STROKE
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
o Elevated blood pressure
o May have unequal pupil reaction
o Decreased pulse
o Increased Respiration rate
CINCINATTI STROKE SCALE
F-acial droop
A-rm drift
S-lured speech
T-ime

ACADEMY
CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT/STROKE
MANAGEMENT
 Provide oxygen if needed.
 Position in semi-fowlers position.
 Transport immediately.
 Patient needs to be evaluated by
computed tomography (CT).
 Recognizing the signs and
symptoms of stroke can shorten
the delay to CT.
 Treatment needs to start as soon
as possible, within 3 to 6 hours of
onset.

ACADEMY
SEIZURE
Symptoms of brain problem, that happen because of abnormal

electrical conductivity of the brain.
Causes:
 Epilepsy
 Alcohol withdrawal
 Low blood sugar
Types of Seizure
1. Absence seizure (petit mal)
2. Tonic clonic (convulsive/grand mal)
3. Atonic seizure (drop attacks)
ACADEMY
SEIZURE
Signs and Symptoms:

 Temporary confusion
 Uncontrollable jerking movement of the arms and legs
 Memory lapses
Management:
1. Clear hand or sharp object away from the person
2. Don’t try to hold her down or stop the movements
3. Place her on her side, to help her clear her airway
4. Look at your watch at the start of the seizure, to time its length.
5. Don’t put anything by mouth
ACADEMY
DIABETIC EMERGENCIES

ACADEMY
NORMAL SUGAR FLOW

ACADEMY
DIABETES MELLITUS
 Is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. It is due to

inadequate insulin production or increased resistance to insulin.
CAUSES
 Stress
 Hereditary
 Obesity
 Women, who are multigravida with large babies
TYPES OF DM
 Type 1/ Insulin Dependent/Juvenile Diabetes
 Type 2/Non Insulin Dependent/Non Juvenile Diabetes
 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
ACADEMY
DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1
 Onset is before 30 years old

 Absolute deficiency of insulin due to absence of Islet of Langerhans in
the pancreas
 Client is thin, experiences polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia.
 More prone to Diabetic Ketoacidosis
MANAGEMENT:
• Diet
• Exercise
• Insulin injected daily

ACADEMY
DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2
 Onset is after 30 years old
 With relative lack or resistance to the action of insulin.
 Patient is prone to HHNC(hyperglycemic, hyperosmolar Non-ketotic
coma) Extreme hyperglycemia without acidosis.
 polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, blurring of vision and slow wound
healing
MANAGEMENT:
• Diet
• Exercise
• Oral Hypoglycemic Agents daily

ACADEMY
GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
 High blood sugar that develops during pregnancy and usually

disappears after giving birth.
 Signs and Symptoms: Unusual thirst, frequent urination, Fatigue,
nausea, blurred vision
MANAGEMENT:
• Diet
• Exercise
• Oral Hypoglycemic Agents daily

ACADEMY
DM TYPE 1 VS DM TYPE 2 VS GDM
TYPE 1 TYPE 2 GDM
Cause Total absence of With little insulin With little insulin

Insulin
Signs and Thin, Polyuria, Fat, Polyuria, Blurred vision,
Symptoms Polydipsia, Polydipsia, nausea, fatigue,
Polyphagia Polyphagia sugar in urine
Medications Insulin injection Oral Hypo Lifestyle/OHA/
daily glycemics Agent insulin

ACADEMY
SIGNS OF INSULIN SHOCK
 Normal or rapid respirations  Altered mental status
 Pale, moist skin  Aggressive or confused
behavior
 Sweating
 Hunger
 Dizziness, headache
 Fainting, seizure, or coma
 Rapid pulse
 Weakness on one side of the
 Normal to low blood body
pressure

ACADEMY
MANAGEMENT
Conscious patient
1. If able to swallow without risk of aspiration,
encourage him or her to drink juice or
another drink that contains sugar.
2. Or assist in administering oral glucose.
Unconscious patient
 Call EMS immediately

ACADEMY
TRAUMA EMERGENCIES

ACADEMY
PERFUSION TRIANGLE
Heart Blood Vessels

(Pump Function) (Container Function)
Damage to the heart by If all the vessels dilate at
disease or injury. once, the normal amount
It cannot move blood of blood volume is not
adequately to support enough to fill the system
perfusion. and provide adequate
perfusion to the body.
Blood
(Content Function)
If blood or plasma is lost, the volume in the
container is not enough to support the
perfusion needs of the body.

ACADEMY
PERFUSION
The cardiovascular system’s circulation of

blood and oxygen to all the cells in different
tissues and organs of the body.

ACADEMY
HYPOPERFUSION (SHOCK)
Decrease blood flow through an organ, INADEQUATE

DELIVERY of vital oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. It
may result in permanent cellular dysfunction and death.
CAUSES:
 Loss of body fluids and not adequately replenish
 Actual loss of blood due to internal or external bleeding
 Fluid loss are excessive vomiting, diarrhea, sweating and
urinating

ACADEMY
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

 Change in mental status
 Tachycardia
 Weakness
 Thirst
 Nausea or vomiting
 Cold, moist skin
 Shallow, rapid breathing

ACADEMY
MANAGEMENT
 Proper position
 Proper transfer
 Proper temperature
 Control for any external
bleeding
 Rapid transport

ACADEMY
CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD LOSS
 Class 1 – 750ml – up to 15%

 Class 2 – 1,500ml – up to 30%
 Class 3 – 2,000 ml – up to 40%
 Class 4 – Greater than 2,000ml – Greater than 40%

ACADEMY
BLEEDING
An act, instance or result of being bled or the process by

which something is bled. The escape of blood from the
vessels.
TYPES OF BLEEDING
 External Bleeding
 Internal Bleeding

ACADEMY
BLEEDING
External Bleeding
Blood that can be seen
coming from the surface
of the wound.
Bleeding is classified
according to its
source
• Arterial
• Venous
• Capillary

ACADEMY
CONTROLLING BLEEDING
Direct Pressure, Bandage

and Elevation
1. Direct pressure is the most
common and effective way to
control bleeding.
2. Apply pressure with gloved
finger or hand.
3. Elevating a bleeding extremity
often stops venous bleeding.
4. Use both direct pressure and
elevation whenever possible.
5. Apply a pressure bandage.

ACADEMY
CONTROLLING BLEEDING
6. Pressure Points
 If bleeding continues, apply
pressure on pressure point.
 Pressure points are located
where a blood vessel lies near a
bone.
 Be familiar with the location of
pressure points.

ACADEMY
LOCATION OF PRESSURE POINTS

ACADEMY
BLEEDING
Internal Bleeding
is a loss of blood that occurs from a blood vessel and collects
inside the body.
Causes
 Gastro intestinal bleeding
 Blunt trauma.
 Trauma to internal organs and vessels.
 Penetrating trauma.
 Non - menstrual vaginal bleeding.

ACADEMY
BLEEDING
Signs and Symptoms
Abdominal pain
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Dizziness
Bruising on the area of injury
Nausea
Vomiting
Blood in urine
ACADEMY
BLEEDING
Management
Proper position
Monitor for shock
Provide oxygen as needed
Transport immediately

ACADEMY
WOUND
An injury to living tissue caused by a cut, blow or

other impact typically one in which the skin is cut or
broken.
Injuries are classified as:

Open – skin is broken
Closed – Skin remains intact

ACADEMY
CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN WOUND
Puncture/Penetrations
 Occurs when sharp
instrument is driven
through the skin’s outer
layer
 Punctures can be
deceiving
 Little external bleeding,
but may have severe
internal bleeding

ACADEMY
Abrasion
• Scraping of surface of
skin or mucous
membrane
• May damage superficial
capillaries
• No significant blood loss
• Subject to infection

ACADEMY
Laceration
 Tearing of skin or other
soft tissues.
 Result from blunt tearing
force or sharp object
 Extent of tissue damage
dependent on
mechanism of injury
 Severe bleeding possible

ACADEMY
Avulsion
• Tearing away of the
skin’s surface
• Complete avulsion
• Incomplete avulsion

ACADEMY
Incision
 A surgical cut made in skin or
flesh
 The action or process of cutting
into the skin

ACADEMY
MANAGEMENT FOR OPEN WOUND
1. Wash the wound

2. Control bleeding
Prevent further
contamination by
covering the wound
with dressing and
bandages.
3. Care for shock.
4. Transport promptly.

ACADEMY
DRESSINGS
 Is a sterile pad or
compress applied to a
wound to promote
healing and protect the
wound from further
harm.
 Piece of clean or sterile
cloth with different sizes.

ACADEMY
DRESSINGS
Occlusive dressing-an air

and water tight trauma
medical dressing used in
first aid.
Bulky Dressing- heavy
compressed dressing used
to control heavy bleeding.

ACADEMY
BANDAGES
Material used to
secure dressing in place
Provides pressure to
help in bleeding control
Must be tight enough
to control bleeding but
must not cut off
circulation to the limb

ACADEMY
TYPES OF BANDAGES
Self-adherent bandages
-Rolls of slightly elastic,
gauzelike material
Elastic/ace bandages
support joints
If not properly applied, result
is uneven pressure to limb
May cause obstruction of distal
blood flow and pressure on local
nerves

ACADEMY
TYPES OF BANDAGES
Triangular Bandages
• Most versatile
• Fold as necessary for
multiple uses
• Used for direct pressure or
to support any portion of
the body
• Slings
• Cravat-type bandage
• Used in application of
tourniquets

ACADEMY
CLOSED WOUND
 Result of blunt force

 Do not break integrity
of skin
 Bruise/contusion
○ Blood vessels leak or
rupture from blunt or
compression force
○ May be accompanied by
swelling from leakage or
plasma into injured area

ACADEMY
CLOSED WOUND

ACADEMY
MANAGEMENT
 Rest—keep patient quiet

and comfortable as possible.
 Ice slows bleeding.
 Compression over an injury
slows bleeding.
 Elevation above the level of
the heart reduces swelling.
 Splinting decreases bleeding
and reduces pain.

ACADEMY
MANAGEMENT

ACADEMY
MECHANISM OF INJURY
Refers to the method by which damage

(trauma) to skin, muscles, organs and bones
happen. It used to help determine how likely it
is that a serious injury has occurred.

ACADEMY
MECHANISM OF INJURY
 Force may be applied in several ways:
Direct blow Twisting force High-energy

Indirect force injury
ACADEMY
MECHANISM OF INJURY
MOI is the way in which
traumatic injuries occur.
Different MOIs produce many

types of injuries.
 Isolated to one body
system
 Injuries to many body
systems

ACADEMY
SIGNIFICANT MECHANISM OF INJURY
 Motor vehicle crashes

 Pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions
 Falls
 Blunt or penetrating trauma
 Motorcycle crashes
 Hangings
 Driving accidents
 Recreational accidents

ACADEMY
MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES
Disorders that affect the human body movement.

ACADEMY
TYPES OF
 Fracture
 Broken bone
 Dislocation
 Disruption of a joint
 Sprain
 Joint injury with tearing of
ligaments
 Strain
 Stretching or tearing of a
muscle
ACADEMY
Signs and Symptoms

Marked deformity
Swelling
Pain
Tenderness on palpation
Virtually complete loss of joint
function
Numbness or impaired circulation
to the limb and digit
Treatment
Splint or immobilize as found
Activate EMS
ACADEMY
Management

ACADEMY
HEAD AND SPINE INJURIES
is often the result of an
unpredictable accident or
violent event. The following
can all result in damage to
the spinal cord:
 a violent attack such as a
stabbing or a gunshot.
 Trauma during a car
accident,
specifically trauma to the
face, head, and neck region,
back, or chest area.
ACADEMY
Signs and Symptoms:
Lacerations, contusions, hematomas to
scalp
 Soft areas or depression upon
palpation
 Visible skull fractures or deformities
 Ecchymosis around eyes and behind
the ear
 Clear or pink CSF leakage
 Failure of pupils to respond to light
 Unequal pupils
 Loss of sensation and/or motor
function
 Period of unconsciousness ACADEMY
 Amnesia
 Seizures
 Numbness or tingling in the
extremities
 Irregular respirations
 Dizziness
 Visual complaints
 Combative or abnormal
behavior
 Nausea or vomiting
ACADEMY
Treatment
Head and Cervical Spine
Immobilization
Treat any life threatening
bleeding
Activate EMS

ACADEMY
TRAUMATIC INJURY
Is a term which refers to physical injuries of

sudden onset and severity which require
immediate medical attention. It may require
immediate resuscitation and interventions to
save life and limb.

ACADEMY
TRAUMATIC INJURY
Amputations
 Cutting away from the body
of a limb or protruding
structure
 May be reattached
 Parts detached from body
remain viable for a few hours
when left at room
temperature
 If cooled, can be viable for up
to 18 hours

ACADEMY
TRAUMATIC INJURY
Management for Amputation
 Immobilize partial amputation
with bulky dressings and splint.
 Wrap complete amputation in
dry sterile dressing and place
in plastic bag.
 Put bag in cool container filled
with ice. Do not let object
freeze!
 Transport severed part with
patient.

ACADEMY
TRAUMATIC INJURY
Impalement injury
 Stabilize object with bulky
dressings
 Remove object if it interferes with
CPR
 Identify available resources when
special rescue techniques needed

ACADEMY
TRAUMATIC INJURY
Stabilizing Impaled object
 Place surgical pads on both
sides of object
 Tape on all 4 sides
 Do not attempt to remove
impaled object
 Transport immediately.

ACADEMY
TRAUMATIC INJURY
Pneumothorax
Air accumulates in the
pleural space.
Air enters through a hole
in the chest wall.
The lung may collapse in a few
seconds or a few minutes.
An open or penetrating
wound to the chest is
called a sucking chest
wound.
ACADEMY
TRAUMATIC INJURY
Management for Open
Pneumothorax
1. Clear and manage the airway.
2. Provide oxygen.
3. Seal an open wound with an
occlusive dressing.
4. create a flutter valve by taping
down three sides.

ACADEMY
TRAUMATIC INJURY
Abdominal Evisceration
 Internal organs or fat protrude
through the open wound.
Management:
Never try to replace organs.
Cover the organs with a moist
gauze, then secure with a
dressing.
Organs must be kept warm
and moist.
Transport promptly.

ACADEMY
TRAUMATIC INJURY
Crush Injury
 May result in both open and
closed wounds
 Result of severe compressing
force that damages/tears the
soft tissues and underlying
structures
 Can cause significant damage
to underlying structures with
minimal/no external bleeding

ACADEMY
TRAUMATIC INJURY
Management:
1. Provide spinal immobilization.
2. If the patient has an open chest
wound, evaluate for bubbling
or sucking sounds.
3. Quickly place an occlusive
dressing over wound.
4. Provide high-flow oxygen.
5. Assess pulse and skin for shock.
6. Control significant bleeding.
7. Transport immediately.
ACADEMY
ENVIRONMENTAL
EMERGENCIES

ACADEMY
ENVENOMATION
Is the process by which the venom is

injected by the bite or sting of a venomous
animals.

ACADEMY
SNAKE BITE

ACADEMY
SNAKE BITE
is an injury caused by the bite of

a snake, especially a venomous snake.

ACADEMY
TYPES OF SNAKE
Venomous Non-
Venomous
ACADEMY
CHARACTERISTICS OF SNAKE

ACADEMY
FOUR DISTINCT TYPES OF VENOM
 Proteolytic venom dismantles
the molecular surrounding and
including the bite.
 Hemotoxic venoms act on the
heart and cardiovascular
system.
 Neurotoxic venom acts on the
nervous system and brain.
 Cytotoxic venom has a localized
action at the site of the bite.
ACADEMY
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

ACADEMY
ACADEMY
MANAGEMENT
1. Identify the snake species if possible.
2. Keep the person calm. Acute stress reaction increases blood
flow and endangers the person.
3. Immediately transport the patient to the hospital.
4. Do not administer stimulants or pain medications unless
specifically directed to do so by a physician.
5. Remove any items or clothing which may constrict the bitten
limb if it swells.
6. Keep the person as still as possible.
7. Do not incise the bitten site.
8. Bitten limb should be placed below heart level
9. Do not use tight tourniquets
ACADEMY
MARINE STINGS AND
PUNCTURE

ACADEMY
MARINE STINGS AND PUNCTURE
Commonly cause by jellyfish, and other

marine animals including sea corals.
cause injury and illness through the release
of venom when their tentacles come in
contact with skin (stinging)
 Stings result from contact with the
tentacles, which trail from the jellyfish's
see-through body.

ACADEMY
Signs and symptoms

 intense stinging pain
 Itching
 Rash
 raised welts.
 Nausea and vomiting
 Diarrhea
 lymph node swelling

ACADEMY
 abdominal pain
 numbness/tingling
 muscle spasms
 Severe difficulty breathing
 Coma
 death

ACADEMY

ACADEMY
COLD EMERGENCIES

ACADEMY
COLD EMERGENCIES
 When a person is exposed

to cold temperatures it may result in a
decrease in body temperature, which is
called cold emergencies.
 Due to prolong exposure to cold

environment.

ACADEMY
COLD EMERGENCIES
Hypothermia
Mild hypothermia (89.6°F to 95°F; 32°C to
35°C)
Earliest stage of hypothermia
Pale skin
Shivering
Difficulty in speech/movement
Amnesia
Vital signs may be normal

ACADEMY
COLD EMERGENCIES
Hypothermia
Moderate hypothermia (80.6°F to
89.6°F; 27°C to 32°C)
- Muscular rigidity
- Gradual loss of voluntary motion
- Cardiac output drops
- Pulse/respirations depressed
- Pupils dilate
- Skin pale/cyanotic
- Pulse irregular
- Ventricular fibrillation may develop

ACADEMY
COLD EMERGENCIES
Hypothermia
Severe hypothermia (less than 80.6°F;
less than 27°C)
- Cerebral blood flow is one third normal
- Unresponsive to pain
- Cardiac output greatly depressed
- Significant hypotension
- Cardiac arrest

ACADEMY
COLD EMERGENCIES
Management
Determined by
- Time required to transport patient
Degree of hypothermia
Prehospital management
1. - Reduce further heat loss
2. - Transport patient rapidly/gently
3. - Avoid maneuvers that may precipitate
dysrhythmias /ventricular fibrillation
4. - CPR initiated, continue until patient is
rewarmed

ACADEMY
COLD EMERGENCIES
Management
 Prevent further heat loss
 Protect injured parts
 Provide rapid transport

ACADEMY
HEAT EMERGENCIES

ACADEMY
HEAT EMERGENCIES
Heat emergencies are health crises

caused by exposure to hot weather and
sun.
THREE TYPES:
1. Heat cramps
2. Heat exhaustion
3. Heatstroke

ACADEMY
HEAT EMERGENCIES
Heat cramps- are the intermittent,

involuntary spasm of muscles that
occur in an individual who is
physically active (for example,
working or exercising) in hot or
humid weather.

ACADEMY
HEAT EMERGENCIES
Signs and Symptoms:

 Heat cramps usually begin after significant
activity has occurred, but they also can
occur hours after the activity has been
completed.
 Sweating with involuntary spasm of the
large muscles in the body.

ACADEMY
HEAT EMERGENCIES
Management:
1. Stop the activity being performed,
2. Get to a cooler place
3. Drink plenty of fluids, and
4. Gently stretch the muscles that are
cramping.

ACADEMY
HEAT EMERGENCIES
Heat exhaustion- a heat-related
illness that can occur after you've
been exposed to high
temperatures, and it often is
accompanied by dehydration.

ACADEMY
HEAT EMERGENCIES
Signs and Symptoms:
 Confusion
 Dark-colored urine (a sign of dehydration)
 Dizziness
 Fainting
 Fatigue
 Headache
 Muscle or abdominal cramps
 Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
 Pale skin
 Profuse sweating
 Rapid heartbeat

ACADEMY
HEAT EMERGENCIES
Management:
1. Drink plenty of fluids, especially sports
drinks to replace lost
salt (avoid caffeine and alcohol).
2. Remove any tight or unnecessary clothing.
3. Take a cool shower, bath, or sponge bath.
4. Apply other cooling measures such as fans
or ice towels.
If such measures fail to provide relief within 15
minutes, seek emergency medical help,
because untreated heat exhaustion can
progress to heat stroke.
ACADEMY
HEAT EMERGENCIES
 Heat stroke is a form of hyperthermia in
which the body temperature is elevated
dramatically.
 The cause of heat stroke is an elevation in
body temperature, often accompanied
by dehydration.
 True medical emergency that is often fatal if
not properly and promptly treated. Heat
stroke is also sometimes referred to as
heatstroke or sun stroke. Severe
hyperthermia is defined as a body
temperature of 104 F (40 C) or higher.

ACADEMY
HEAT EMERGENCIES
Signs and Symptoms:

 confusion
 agitation
 disorientation
 the absence of sweating
 coma

ACADEMY
HEAT EMERGENCIES
Management:
1. Fan air over the patient while wetting his
or her skin with water from a sponge or
garden hose.
2. Apply ice packs to the patient's armpits,
groin, neck, and back. Because these
areas are rich with blood vessels close to
the skin, cooling them may reduce body
temperature.
3. Immerse the patient in a shower or tub of
cool water.

ACADEMY
HEAT EMERGENCIES
Management:
4. If the person is young and heathy and
suffered heat stroke while exercising
vigorously -- what’s known as exertional heat
stroke -- you can use an ice bath to help cool
the body.
Do not use ice for older patients, young
children, patients with chronic illness, or
anyone whose heat stroke occurred
without vigorous exercise. Doing so can be
dangerous.

ACADEMY
HEAT EXHAUSTION VS HEAT
STROKE

ACADEMY
POISONING AND
SUBSTANCE ABUSE

ACADEMY
POISONING AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Poison
 Any substance whose
chemical action can damage
body structures or impair body
functions
Substance Abuse
 The knowing misuse of any
substance to produce a
desired effect

ACADEMY
IDENTIFYING THE PATIENT AND THE POISON
If you suspect poisoning, ask the patient the following questions:

1. What substance did you take?
2. When did you take it or (become exposed to it)?
3. How much did you ingest?
4. What actions have been taken?
5. How much do you weigh?

ACADEMY
Inhaled Poison
 Wide range of effects
 Some inhaled agents
cause progressive lung
damage.
 Move to fresh air
immediately.
 All patients require
immediate transport.

ACADEMY
Absorbed Poison
 Many substances will damage
the skin, mucous membranes,
or eyes.
 Substance should be
removed from patient as
rapidly as possible.
 If substance is in the eyes,
they should be irrigated.
 Do not irrigate with water if
substance is reactive.
ACADEMY
Ingested Poison
 Poison enters the body by mouth.
 Accounts for 80% of poisonings
 May be accidental or deliberate
 Activated charcoal will bind to poison
in stomach and carry it out of the
body.
 Assess ABCs.

ACADEMY
INGESTED POISON

ACADEMY
INGESTED POISON

ACADEMY
INGESTED POISON

ACADEMY
Injected Poison
 Usually result of drug overdose
 Impossible to remove or dilute
poison once injected
 Prompt transport

ACADEMY
When to suspect poisoning

Poisoning signs and symptoms can mimic other conditions,
such as seizure, alcohol intoxication, stroke and insulin reaction.
Signs and symptoms of poisoning may include:
 Burns or redness around the mouth and lips
 Breath that smells like chemicals, such as gasoline or paint
thinner
 Vomiting
 Difficulty breathing
 Drowsiness
 Confusion or other altered mental status
ACADEMY
MANAGEMENT
 Swallowed poison. Remove anything remaining in the person's mouth. If
the suspected poison is a household cleaner or other chemical, read the
container's label and follow instructions for accidental poisoning.
 Poison on the skin. Remove any contaminated clothing using gloves.
Rinse the skin for 15 to 20 minutes in a shower or with a hose.
 Poison in the eye. Gently flush the eye with cool or lukewarm water for
at least 15 minutes or until help arrives.
 Inhaled poison. Get the person into fresh air as soon as possible.
 If the person vomits, turn his or her head to the side to prevent choking.
 Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of life, such as moving, breathing
or coughing.

ACADEMY
LIFTING AND MOVING

ACADEMY
LIFTING AND MOVING
Body Mechanics
The use of the body to facilitate lifting and
moving to minimize injury.
1.Position your feet properly
2.Lift with your legs
3.Avoid leaning to either side
4.Minimize twisting during a lift
5.Keep the weight as close to your body as
possible
6.Use appropriate equipment example stair
chairs on stairs
7.Keep eye contact with your partner
8.Use a spotter when possible when walking
downstairs
ACADEMY
LIFTING AND MOVING
Power Lift
A technique used to lift a patient who is
on a stretcher or cot.

ACADEMY
LIFTING AND MOVING
Emergency Move
A patient move that is carried out quickly when the scene is
hazardous, care of the patient requires immediate repositioning,
or you must reach another patient who needs life-saving care.

ACADEMY
LIFTING AND MOVING
Drag
An emergency move in which a rescuer grabs the patient's clothing near
the shoulders and pulls him to safety.
1.Clothing or shirt drag
2.Blanket drag
3.Shoulder drag
4.Extremities drag
5.Firefighters drag

ACADEMY
DRAGS
SHOULDER DRAG BLANKET DRAG FIREFIGHTERS DRAG

ACADEMY
DRAGS
CLOTHES DRAG BLANKET DRAG

ACADEMY
LIFTING AND MOVING
One man carry

1.Assist to walk
2.Cradle carry
3.Pack strap carry
4.Piggyback carry
5.Firefighters carry

ACADEMY
ONE MAN CARRY
FIREFIGHTERS CARRY ASSIST TO WALK

ACADEMY
ONE MAN CARRY
PACKSTRAP CARRY CRADLE CARRY PIGGYBACK CARRY

ACADEMY
TWO MAN CARRY
HAND AS A LITTER FOUR HAND SEAT

ACADEMY
TWO MAN CARRY
TWO MAN ASSIST TO WALK CARRY ON EXTREMITIES

ACADEMY
THREE MAN CARRY
BEARER’S ALONG SIDE

ACADEMY
BLANKET CARRY

ACADEMY
SPINE BOARD CARRY

ACADEMY
THANK YOU!

ACADEMY

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ENVIRONMENT, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND EMERGENCY

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

 First Aid is a system of assessments

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

Education and training can be useful to

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

 The Star of Life is a blue, six-

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

Before treating a patient, must

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

Expressed Consent- is permission for something that is given

Informed Consent- is a process for getting permission before

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

IMPLIED CONSENT-is consent which is not expressly granted

LAW OF EMANCIPATED MINOR- Emancipated minors are no

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

H-ead to toe physical

 Head to toe physical

Patient Information • Medical history

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

Age Range (beats/min)

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

 Normal rate and depth

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

Common but serious disease

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

 is a term used for chest pain caused by

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

 Sudden coronary occlusion and

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

PAIN Squeezing, pressure, Crushing and severe,

MEDICATIONS Relieved Not relieved

REST Relieved Not relieved

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING

CAMARINES SUR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING