BASIC

MATHEMATICAL
CONCEPTS USED IN
STATISTICS
RATIO | PROPORTION | PERCENTAGE | RATE OF OCCURENCE
RATIO
The number of elements in one set divided
by the number of elements in another set.

NOTE:
Elements cannot belong in both sets. They are either
in Set A or Set B.
RATIO
Examples:
• sex ratio
• dependency ratio
• A class with 40 students has 28 females. What is the
ratio of females to males?
Answer: 28:12 or 7:3; or
PROPORTION
The number of elements in a set possessing a
specific characteristic divided by the total
number of elements in a set.

NOTE:
There are only 2 sets. Elements cannot belong to both sets. They are either in
Set A or Set B.
PROPORTION
Example:
Consider a class with 40 students where 28 are females. What is the
proportion of male students?
PERCENTAGE
a proportion multiplied by 100

Example:
Consider a class with 40 students where 28 are females. What is the
percentage of male students?

= 30% 30% of the class are male students

RATE OF OCCURRENCE
The number of occurrences divided by
the total number of occurrences.
- usually expressed in terms of per 100, per 1000, per 10000
RATE OF OCCURRENCE
Example:
Dropping Rate
There are 1200 COE students for the First semester. Within the semester, 30
students dropped from their chosen program. What is the drop rate during
the 1st semester?

Thus, 2.5% is the dropping rate of COE during the 1st Semester.
 HOMEWORK: BASIC MATH CONCEPTS
Problem Solving: Show your complete solution for each item and BOX your
final answer to receive the full credits.

1. If a school has 240 faculty members and 168 of them are unmarried,
then what is the ratio of the married faculty members to the
unmarried? Express your final answer in fraction.
2. Last year, a company hired 134 new employees making their
population become 639 this year. If 201 will resign at the end of the
current year, then what is the company’s turn-over rate? Express
your final answer in percent form with two decimal places, then
round it off to the nearest hundredths.
 HOMEWORK: BASIC MATH CONCEPTS
Problem Solving: Show your complete solution for each item and BOX your
final answer to receive the full credits.
3. When 30% of the class are female students and 126 are male, what is the total
number of students in the said class? Express your final answer in whole
number.
4. A school has registered 1250 students on the current school year. Maintaining
the school standards, students who cannot achieve at least 85 as their general
weighted average (GWA) at the end of the school year will be dropped from
the school. What is the school’s dropping rate if there are 35 students who
only achieved 84 as their GWA? Express your final answer in percent form
with two decimal places, then round it off to the nearest hundredths.
REFERENCES
Prof. Randolph Sasota’s Lecture Notes in
Educational Research
Statistics & Probability by Marquez, W.G,
et.al, Brilliant Creations Publishing Inc.