Physical Pharmacy-II , Electrochemistry

Reference electrode

Submitted to Submitted by
Rahima Begum Mehedi
Lecturer ID: 2210053
Department of Pharmacy Batch: 18th
Ranada Prasad Shaha University Department of Pharmacy
Ranada Prasad Shaha University
Definition
• A reference electrode is an electrode which has a stable and well-known
electrode potential. The high stability of the electrode potential is usually
reached by employing a redox system[clarification needed] with constant
(buffered or saturated) concentrations of each participant of the redox
reaction.
Types of Reference electrode
There are 4 types of water pollutant
• Organic pollutants
• Inorganic pollutants
• Microbiological pollutants
• Radioactive pollution
Organic pollutants
These include dead and decaying plants and animals
remain.some synthetic compounds also act as organic
pollutants.e,g pesticides,CCl4

Inorganic pollutans
It includes mineral acid,alkalies,inorganic
salts(MgBr2,NaCl),metals and theire compound
Microbiological pollutants
These include micro-organism like becteria,protozoa,algae
viruses etc

Radioactive pollution
These included radioactive material arising from nuclear
power plants,radioisotopes,e,g uranium,radium,thorium
 Types of Water
Pollution

There are 6 types of water

pollution:
01 Surface Water Pollution
02 Nutrients Pollution
03 Oxygen Depleting
04 Groundwater Pollution
05 Microbiological Pollution
06 Chemical Pollution
Surface Water Pollution
Surface water is referred to as natural water flowing on the surface of the earth, such as
rivers,lakes, and oceans. Contact of hazardous materials with surface water, dissolution, or
physical mixing with water is known as surface water pollution.
surface water pollution are generally divided into two classes according to their origin.
1) Point source pollution: It comes from a single place and easy to identify. For example:
discharge pipes, drainage ditches etc.
2) Non point source pollution: It comes from many places and is harder to identify and harder
to address. For example: land development, oil and gas production, agriculture activities etc.

Nutrients Pollution
Nutrient pollution occurs when too many nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus ,flow into
water bodies and act like fertilizers, causing algae to grow excessively. This phenomenon is
also known as nutrients pollution.
Oxygen Depleting
Microorganisms that live in water feed on biodegradable substances. When too much
biodegradable material is added to water, the number of microorganisms increase and use up
the available oxygen. This is called oxygen depletion.
When oxygen levels in the water are depleted, relatively harmless aerobic microorganisms
die and anaerobic microorganisms begin to thrive.

Groundwater Pollution
Groundwater pollution occurs when harmful substances (pollutants) enter the groundwater.
These pollutants are practically limitless but can range from motor oil to chemicals from
agriculture to untreated waste.Groundwater is a major natural resource in Ireland providing
between 20-25% of the drinking water supplies.
THANK YOU

Thank You