Tripartite

Struggle

Control other
areas of Kanauj Reason
Influence

Need huge
Symbol of
Palas wealth for
Sovereignty
military prowess.

Gurjara – Fertile regions of Building large

Pratiharas Gangetic Valley temples.

To control riches
Rashtrakutas beyond their
own territories
 Pala Dynasty

Gopala (Founder) Dharmapal Devapala Ramapala

Imp Points
(750 CE) (770-810 CE) (810-850 CE) ( 1077-1120 CE)

elected ruler of kings was defeated in

Bengal after the Controlled Kannauj
Most powerful ruler Last important ruler by Rajendra Chola in
death of for Some time
1023 CE.
Harshavardhana.
Raids in north, Control
Deccan and last major rulers to
Whole of Bengal and Pragjyotishpura
Southern parts of embrace Buddhism.
Parts of Bihar (Assam)
Indian peninsula

Buddhist and built Mahavihara of revived the famous

Parts of Odisha
Buddhist Monastery, Vikramasila near universities Nalanda
Odantapuri in Bihar Bhagalpur

established Buddhist
Patronised Parts of modern monastery and
Haribhadra, Nepal college at
Buddhist author Vikramshila.
 Gurjara- Pratiharas
Dynasty

Mihir Bhoja (836-85 CE)

Nagabhatta (8 Century)
th
and Mahendra Pala
(890-910),

powerful kingdom in the
who took the control of
western India, military
Ujjain.
skills.
kingdom expanded to
broke up into several
Bengal in the east to
independent kingdoms
Punjab, Awadh, Malwa
950 -1019 CE
and Gujarat in the west.

prominent king territory from Malwa,

Mahmud of Ghazni took
protected from the Arab parts of Rajputana and
control of the territory.
invasions from Sindh. Gujarat.
 Rashtrakuta Dynasty

Krishna I, Amoghavarsha I,
Dantidurga (Founder)
Imp Points (successor Dantidurga) (814-878 CE)
(735- 756 CE)
(756-774 CE) (most able ruler)

Ruled over large of established the

made very famous established his capital
India in the Southern dynasty by defeating
Kailasanath temple at at Manyakhet or
Central and Northern the Chalukyas.
Ellora. Nalkhed.
region of India. (Kirtivarman)

accomplished writer
patronage of art and
wrote in Sanskrit and
architecture
Kannada

made beautiful
Kavirajamarga, famous
temples at Ellora and
poem in Kannada
Elephant caves.
 Turkish Invasion

Small independent
Turkish invaders
powers after fall of
advantage
Gurjara- Pratihara

Conflicts of small Captured

Gahadavalas in
Parmaras in Malwa powers with each territories of
Kanauj
other Punjab

Chalukyas in Captured
Chauhans in Ajmer
Gujarat territories of Delhi

Chandellals in
Tomars in Delhi
Bundelkand
 Al- Biruni’s India
Mahmud Ghazni
(1017 and 1030 CE)

Temples cities
Turkish Ruler Looted with Philosopher-scientist Kitab-al-Hind
immense wealth

17 plundering 1000-1027 CE into First book by foreign Indian sciences,

Thaneswar Mathura
expeditions North India Scholar religion and society

Accompanied Survey of India

Objective looting Somnath (1025)
Annexing Punjab Kanauj Mahmud Ghazni based on study and
Wealth
during raids observations

Raids Concentrated Learned Sanskrit to Indian Philosophical

Created city of read Bhagvad Gita,
important temple thoughts and
Ghazni Vishnu Puran, Kapil’s
cities religions.
Sankhya and works of
Pantanjali
 Mohammad Ghori
Chauhana Dynasty
(Turkish Ruler)

Aim conquering Expanding kingdom Ajeya raja Prithviraj Chauhan

Northern India beyond Afghanistan (established) (1177 CE-1192 CE)

Fought against territory of Matoba, defeated Mohammad

built his capital at
Prithviraj Chauhan or Bundelkhand and Ghori in 1191 CE 1st
Ajay-Meru or Ajmer
Prithviraj III Gujarat. battle of Tarain

defeated by
didn’t get support
Mohammad Ghori in
from Raja Jaichand,
the 2nd battle of
the ruler of Kannauj.
Tarani (1192)

turning point in the Prithviraj Raso by

history of India Chand Bardai
 The Chola s Small
independent powers after
fall of Gurjara- Pratihara

Imp Points Rajaraja I

Most powerful Rules over Tamil Nadu Prowess and military Defeated Cheras and
dynasty in south India and parts of Karnataka skill seized Madurai

Invaded Sri Lanka

Disappeared only to northern part named eastern Chalukyas
Tanjore was capital
resurface in 850CE it Mummadi accepted his authority
Cholamandalam

Rajaraja I and Kingdom beyond

Constructed Siva
Rajendra I(985- South India to Sri Rajaraja I exploits
temple at Thanjavur,
1044CE) most glorious Lanka, Java and engraved on walls
Rajarajesvara temple
phase Sumatra
 Rajendra I

Imp Points Areas

Military Valour and

Pinnacle of glory Pandyan country Complete Srilanka
administrative talents

Commercials relations Title Gangaikonda and

between Malaya founded capital Expeditions to Java
Complete Kerala
Peninsula and South Gangaikonda and Sumatra
India Cholapuram

Achievement not Naval fleet success Army marched to Dominions of Pala

limited to Land across Bay of Bengal River Ganga King, Mahipala
 King and the
ministers

King Higher officials

Honored and
Higher ones Title of
Head of the state Tiruvakyakelvi encouraged by
Penundaram
conferring titles

Help of council of Ministerial council

Lower ones Paid by land
ministers and other and an organized
“Sirutaram” assignments
high officers administrative staff

System of Constructed roads,

Royal tours for
Close contact with administration highly helped in trade,
efficiency of
Council of ministers organized and commerce and
administration
efficient communication.
 Revenue

Land Other options

Collected in kind or Land possessed by

cash or both by individuals or Customs Tolls
village assemblies communities

State share of land After an elaborate

Taxes on various
revenue was fixed land survey in Mines
kinds of professions
1/3rd of the produce Rajaraja I

Periodical revisions
And assessment of
in classifications of Forests Saltpans etc.
land revenue
land
 Irrigation

Imp Points Constructed

Attentions by
Agricultural
government as well Canals Tanks
Prosperity
as local authorities

Village assemblies
Reclaiming forests
responsible for Dams Wells
and wastelands
maintaining tanks

Artificial lake near

new capital
 Army

Imp Points Consisted

Attention was given to Discipline of the

Elephants Cavalry
training cantonments

Under Rajaraja Kaikkolas (men with

Infantry
controlled strong arms)

Commanders Rank of
Sengundar (Spear-
Coromandel Malabar Coast Nayaka Senapati or
wielders)
Mahadandanayaka

Bay of Bengal
 Chola
Administration

Village
Divisions
assemblies

Ur assembly all classes

Empire into Three types ur, sabha
Governed by the who held land are
mandalams or or Mahasabha and
princes of royal family entitles to
Provinces nagaram.
membership

Provinces into Nagaram assembly

Village or Kurrams are Sabha brahmin
Valanadu or districts local merchants where
primary unit of society assembly Land
and nadu or group of traders and merchants
and polity belonged to brahmins
villages were dominant

Other assemblies
Sabha comprise of
Village assemblies Has autonomy and respect settling crucial
elite or learned in the
held together society self-sufficiency matters of common
community
concern

From Uttaramerur
inscriptions we find
reference of three
types of assembly
 Chola Temples and
Sculptures &
paintings

Sculptures &
Temples
paintings

Hub of economics, Masterpiece famous

Metal and stone images
Temples centre of life political and cultural Nataraja or Dancing Siva
are exquisite
activities at Temple Chidambaram

Village assembly meeting

Centres of craft by Nataraja described as
in temple mandapa or Patronized painting
creating bronze images ‘cultural epitome’
hall

Chola records frequently

Important paintings in
Cultural activities as refer to devadana
Pradakshinapath of
music or dance (literally ‘given to Gods’)
Rajarajesvara temple.
gifts of land.