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9/20/22, 1:23 AM Rajaraja I - Wikipedia
Rajaraja I
Rajaraja I (947 CE – 1014 CE), born Arulmozhi
Rajaraja I
Varman[1][2][3] and often described as Raja Raja the Great,
was a Chola emperor who reigned from 985 CE to 1014 CE. He Rājakēsari
was the most powerful king in south India during his reign and is Mummuṭi Cōḻan,[1]
remembered for reinstating the Chola influence and ensuring its
supremacy across the Indian Ocean.[4][5]
His extensive empire included vast regions of the Pandya country,

the Chera country and northern Sri Lanka. He also acquired
Lakshadweep and Thiladhunmadulu atoll, and part of the
northern-most islands of the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.
Campaigns against the Western Gangas and the Chalukyas
extended the Chola authority as far as the Tungabhadra River. On
the eastern coast, he battled with the Chalukyas for the
possession of Vengi.[6][7][8][9]
Rajaraja I, being an able administrator, also built the great

Brihadisvara Temple at the Chola capital Thanjavur.[10] The
temple is regarded as the foremost of all temples constructed in
the medieval south Indian architectural style. During his reign,
the texts of the Tamil poets Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar
were collected and edited into one compilation called
Thirumurai.[7][11] He initiated a massive project of land survey A Mural of Rajaraja I with his guru
and assessment in 1000 CE which led to the reorganisation of the Karuvurar at Brihadisvara Temple.
country into individual units known as valanadus.[12][13] Rajaraja Chola Emperor
died in 1014 CE and was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola I. Reign c. 985 – c. 1014
Predecessor Uttama Chola
Successor Rajendra I
Contents
king of Anuradhapura
Early life King of Polonnaruwa
Military conquests Reign c. 992 – c. 1014

Against Kandalur Salai Predecessor Mahinda V
Conquest of Kerala and the Pandyas Successor Rajendra I
Conquest of Sri Lanka
Chalukyan conflict Born Arulmozhi Varman
Hoysala conflicts c. 947
Kalinga conquest Thanjavur, Chola

Conquest of Kuda-malai-nadu Empire (modern day
Tamil Nadu, India)
Naval expedition
Died 1014 (aged 66–67)
Personal life
Thanjavur, Chola
Administration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaraja_I 1/14
Officials Empire (modern day

Tamil Nadu, India)
Religious policy
Queens Thiripuvana
Arts and architecture
Madeviyar
Brihadisvara Temple
Lokamahadevi
Coins Cholamahadevi
Inscriptions Trailokyamahadevi,
In popular culture Panchavanmahadevi
Abhimanavalli
See also
Latamahadevi
References Prithivimahadevi
Bibliography Issue Rajendra Chola I
External links Araiyan Rajarajan
Arulmozhi
Early life chandramalli alias
Gangamadevi
According to the Thiruvalangadu copper-plate inscription, Mathevadigal
Rajaraja's original name was Arulmoḷi (also transliterated as kundhavai
Arulmozhi) Varman, literally "blessed tongued".[1][14] He was
born around 947 CE in the Aipassi month, on the day of Dynasty Chola
Sadhayam star.[15] He was a son of the Chola king Parantaka II Father Parantaka II
(alias Sundara) and queen Vanavan Mahadevi.[16] He had an Mother Vanavan Mahadevi
elder brother – Aditya II,[2] and an elder sister – Kundavai.[17]
Religion Hinduism
Rajaraja's ascension ended a period of rival claims to the throne, Signature
following the death of his grandfather Parantaka I. After
Parantaka I, his son Gandaraditya ascended the throne. When
Gandaraditya died, his son Uttama was a minor, so the throne passed on to Parantaka I's younger son
Arinjaya. Arinjaya died soon, and was succeeded by his son Parantaka II. It was decided that the
throne would pass on to Uttama after Parantaka II: this decision was most probably that of Parantaka
II, although the Thiruvalangadu inscription of Rajaraja's son Rajendra I claims that it was made by
Rajaraja.[2]
Rajaraja's elder brother died before him, and after the death of Uttama, Rajaraja ascended the throne
in June–July 985.[2] Known as Arumoḷi Varman until this point, he adopted the name Rajaraja, which
literally means "King among Kings".[18] He also called himself Shivapada Shekhara (IAST: Śivapada
Śekhara), literally, "the one who places his crown at the feet of Shiva".[19]
Military conquests
Rajaraja inherited a kingdom whose boundaries were limited to the traditional Chola territory centred
around Thanjavur-Tiruchirappalli region.[1] At the time of his ascension, the Chola kingdom was
relatively small, and was still recovering from the Rashtrakuta invasions in the preceding years.
Rajaraja turned it into an efficiently-administered empire which possessed a powerful army and a
strong navy. During his reign, the northern kingdom of Vengi became a Chola protectorate, and the
Chola influence on the eastern coast extended as far as Kalinga in the north.[2]
A number of regiments are mentioned in the Thanjavur

inscriptions.[20][21] These regiments were divided into elephant
troops, cavalry and infantry and each of these regiments had its own
autonomy and was free to endow benefactions or build temples.[20]
Against Kandalur Salai
It is known that Rajaraja celebrated a major victory at Kandalur Salai

(present-day south Kerala) in c. 988 CE. This battle is remembered
with the famous phrase "Kandalur Salai Kalam-arutta". The
engagement seemed to be an effort of the Chola navy or a combined
Chola empire during the reign of
effort of the navy and the army.[22] The salai originally belonged to
Rajaraja I
the Ay chief, a vassal of the Pandya king at Madurai. Involvement of
either Chera or Pandya warriors in this battle remain uncertain.[22]
The conquest of Vizhinjam by the general of Rajaraja (mentioned in the Thiruvalangadu Copper
Plates) is sometimes equated with this battle.[9]
Conquest of Kerala and the Pandyas
Rajaraja's inscriptions start to appear in Kanyakumari district in the 990s and in Trivandrum district
in early 1000s.[9] The Chola subjugation of Kerala can be dated to the early years of the 11th
century.[9][22] The Senur inscription (1005 CE) of Rajaraja states that he destroyed the Pandya capital
Madurai; conquered the "haughty kings" of Kollam (Venad), Kolla-desham (Mushika), and
Kodungallur (the Chera Perumal).[22][23] Some of these victories in Malainadu were perhaps won by
prince Rajendra Chola for his father.[9]
After defeating the Pandyas, Rajaraja adopted the title Pandya Kulashani ("Thunderbolt to the Race
of the Pandyas"), and the Pandya country came to be known as "Rajaraja Mandalam" or "Rajaraja
Pandinadu".[23] While describing the Rajaraja's campaign in trisanku kastha (the south), the
Thiruvalangadu Grant of Rajendra I states that he seized certain royal Amarabhujanga.[24]
Identification of this prince (either a Pandya prince or a general of the Pandya king or a Kongu Chera
prince) remains unresolved.[9][24] Kongu Desa Rajakkal, a chronicle of the Kongu Nadu region,
suggests that this general later shifted his allegiance to Rajaraja, and performed the Chola king's
kanakabhisheka ceremony.[24]
After consolidating his rule in the south, Rajaraja assumed the title Mummudi Chola ("the Chola who
Wears Three Crowns"), a reference to his control over the three ancient Tamil countries of the Cholas,
the Pandyas, and the Cheras.[1]
Conquest of Sri Lanka
In 993, Rajaraja invaded Sri Lanka, which is called Ila-mandalam in the Chola records.[25] This
invasion most probably happened during the reign of Mahinda V of Anuradhapura, who according to
the Chulavamsa chronicle, had fled to Rohana (Ruhuna) in south-eastern Sri Lanka because of a
military uprising.[26] The Chola army sacked Anuradhapura, and captured the northern half of Sri
Lanka. The Cholas established a provincial capital at the military outpost of Polonnaruwa, naming it
Jananatha Mangalam after a title of Rajaraja.[26] The Chola official Tali Kumaran erected a Shiva
temple called Rajarajeshvara ("Lord of Rajaraja") in the town of Mahatittha (modern Mantota), which
was renamed Rajaraja-pura.[26]
Comparing Rajaraja's campaign to the invasion of Lanka by the legendary hero Rama, the
Thiruvalangadu Plates states:[1]
"Rama built with the aid of monkeys, a causeway across the sea, and then with great
difficulties defeated the king of Lanka by means of sharp edged arrows. But Rama was
excelled by this king whose powerful army crossed the ocean by ships and burnt up the
king of Lanka."
— Thiruvalangadu Copper Plates[1]
In 1017, Rajaraja's son Rajendra I completed the Chola conquest of Sri Lanka.[27] The Cholas
controlled Sri Lanka until 1070, when Vijayabahu I defeated and expelled them.[28]
Chalukyan conflict
In 998 CE, Rajaraja captured the regions of Gangapadi, Nolambapadi and Tadigaipadi (present day
Karnataka).[29] Raja Chola extinguished the Nolambas, who were the feudatories of Ganga while
conquering and annexing Nolambapadi.[30] The conquered provinces were originally feudatories of
the Rashtrakutas.[31][32] In 973 CE, the Rashtrakutas were defeated by the Western Chalukyas leading
to direct conflict with Cholas.[33] An inscription of Irivabedanga Satyashraya from Dharwar describes
him as a vassal of the Western Chalukyas and acknowledges the Chola onslaught.[34] In the same
inscription, he accuses Rajendra of having arrived with a force of 955,000 and of having gone on
rampage in Donuwara thereby blurring the moralities of war as laid out in the Dharmasastras.[35]
Historians like James Heitzman and Wolfgang Schenkluhn conclude that this confrontation displayed
the degree of animosity on a personal level between the rulers of the Chola and the Chalukya
kingdoms drawing a parallel between the enmity between the Chalukyas of Badami and the Pallavas
of Kanchi.[36][37]
By 1004 CE, the Gangavadi province was conquered by

Rajaraja.[38] The Changalvas who ruled over the
western part of the Gangavadi province and the
Kongalvas who ruled over Kodagu were turned into
vassals.[39] The Chola general Panchavan Maraya who
defeated the Changalvas in the battle of Ponnasoge and
distinguished himself in this affair was rewarded with
Arkalgud Yelusuvira-7000 territory and the title
Kshatriyasikhamani.[40] The Kongalvas, for the Coinage of Chola King Rajaraja I (985-1014 CE).
heroism of Manya, were rewarded with the estate of Uncertain Tamilnadu mint. Legend "Chola,
conqueror of the Gangas" in Tamil, seated tiger
Malambi (Coorg) and the title
with two fish.
Kshatriyasikhamani.[39] Vengi kingdom was ruled by
Jata Choda Bhima of the Eastern Chalukyas
dynasty.[33] Jata Choda Bhima was defeated by
Rajaraja and Saktivarman was placed on the throne of Vengi as a viceroy of the Chola Dynasty.[33][41]
After the withdrawal of the Chola army, Bhima captured Kanchi in 1001 CE. Rajaraja expelled and
killed the Andhra king called Bhima before re-establishing Saktivarman I on the throne of Vengi
again.[42] Rajaraja gave his daughter Kundavai in marriage to his next viceroy of Vengi Vimaladitya
which brought about the union of the Chola Dynasty and the Eastern Chalukya Kingdom and which
also ensured that the descendants of Rajaraja would rule the Eastern Chalukya kingdom in the
future.[41]
Hoysala conflicts
There were encounters between the Cholas and the Hoysalas, who were vassals of the Western
Chalukyas. An inscription from the Gopalakrishna temple at Narasipur dated to 1006 records that
Rajaraja's general Aprameya killed minister Naganna and other generals of the Hoysalas.[43] A similar
inscription in Channapatna also describes Rajaraja defeating the Hoysalas.[44]
Kalinga conquest
The invasion of the kingdom of Kalinga occurred after the

conquest of Vengi.[45]
Conquest of Kuda-malai-nadu
There are multiple references to the conquest of "Kuda-malai-

nadu" by king Rajaraja (from c. 1000 CE onwards).[9][46] The
term Kudagu-malai-nadu is substituted in place of Kuda-malai-
nadu in some of the inscriptions found in Karnataka and this
region has been generally identified with Coorg (Kudagu).[9][47]
It is said that the king conquered Malainadu for the sake of

messengers in one day after crossing 18 mountain passes Statue of Rajaraja, Tamil Nadu, 20th
[9]
(Vikrama Chola Ula). Kulottunga Chola Ula makes reference to century
Rajaraja cutting off 18 heads and setting fire to Udagai. [22]
Kalingathupparani mentions the institution of Chadaya Nalvizha
in Udiyar Mandalam, the capture of Udagai, and the plunder of several elephants from there.[9]
Tiruppalanam inscription (999 CE) mentions the gift of an idol by king from the booty obtained in
Malainadu.[9][48][49][50]
Naval expedition
"A naval campaign led to the conquest of the Maldive Islands, the Malabar Coast, and
northern Sri Lanka, all of which were essential to the Chola control over trade with
Southeast Asia and with Arabia and eastern Africa. These were the transit areas, ports of
call for the Arab traders and ships to Southeast Asia and China, which were the source of
the valuable spices sold at a high profit to Europe."
— Romila Thapar, "Encyclopaedia Britannica" (https://www.britannica.com/place/In

dia/The-Rajputs#ref46892).
One of the last conquests of Rajaraja was the naval conquest of the islands of Maldives ("the Ancient
Islands of the Sea Numbering 1200").[51][9] The naval campaign was a demonstration of the Chola
naval power in the Indian Ocean.[9]
The Cholas controlled the area around of Bay of Bengal with Nagapattinam as the main port. The
Chola Navy also had played a major role in the invasion of Sri Lanka.[52] The success of Rajaraja
allowed his son Rajendra Chola to lead the Chola invasion of Srivijaya, carrying out naval raids in
South-East Asia and briefly occupying Kadaram.[6][53]
Personal life
Rajaraja married a number of women, some of whom were Vanavan Madevi aka Thiripuvāna
Mādēviyār, Dantisakti Vitanki aka Lokamadevi, Panchavan Madeviyar, Chola Mahadevi, Trailokya
Mahadevi, Lata Mahadevi, Prithvi Mahadevi, Meenavan Mahadevi, Viranarayani and Villavan
Mahadevi.[54][55][56][57] He had at least three daughters. He had two sons, elder one is Rajendra with
Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār[58][59][60] and younger one is Araiyan Rajarajan (Mother unknown).He had
his first daughter Kundavai with Lokamadevi. Kundavai married Chalukya prince Vimaladithan. He
had two other daughters named Mathevadigal and Ģangamādevi or Arumozhi Chandramalli.[57]
Rajaraja died in 1014 CE in the Tamil month of Maka and was succeeded by Rajendra Chola I.[61]
Administration
Before the reign of Rajaraja I, parts of the Chola territory were ruled by
hereditary lords and princes who were in a loose alliance with the Chola
rulers.[64] Rajaraja initiated a project of land survey and assessment in 1000
CE which led to the reorganization of the empire into units known as
valanadus.[12][13] From the reign of Rajaraja I until the reign of Vikrama
Chola in 1133 CE, the hereditary lords and local princes were either replaced
or turned into dependent officials.[64] This led to the king exercising a closer
control over the different parts of the empire.[64] Rajaraja strengthened the
local self-government and installed a system of audit and control by which the
village assemblies and other public bodies were held to account while
retaining their autonomy.[65][66][67] To promote trade, he sent the first Chola
mission to China.[68]
His elder sister Kundavai assisted him in administration and management of

temples.[69]
Mural depicting
Officials Rajaraja and his guru
Karuvuruvar found in
Rajendra Chola I was made a co-regent during the last years of Rajaraja's the Brihadisvara
rule. He was the supreme commander of the northern and north-western temple, Tamil Nadu,
dominions. During the reign of Raja Chola, there was an expansion of the 11th century.[62][63]
administrative structure leading to the increase in the number of offices and
officials in the Chola records than during earlier periods.[12] Villavan
Muvendavelan, one of the top officials of Rajaraja figures in many of his inscriptions.[70] The other
names of officials found in the inscriptions are the Bana prince Narasimhavarman, a general
Senapathi Krishnan Raman, the Samanta chief Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan, the revenue official
Irayiravan Pallavarayan and Kuruvan Ulagalandan, who organised the country-wide land surveys.[71]
Religious policy
Rajaraja was a follower of Shaivism sect of Hinduism but he also dedicated several temples to Vishnu.
Rajaraja dedicated the proceeds of the revenue from the village of Anaimangalam towards the upkeep
of this Vihara.[72]
Arts and architecture

Rajaraja embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of Thevaram in his
court.[73] He sought the help of Nambi Andar Nambi.[74] It is believed that by divine intervention
Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a
chamber inside the second precinct in Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram.[75][74] The brahmanas
(Dikshitars) in the temple opposed the mission, but Rajaraja intervened by consecrating the images of
the saint-poets through the streets of Chidambaram.[75][76] Rajaraja thus became known as
Tirumurai Kanda Cholan meaning one who saved the Tirumurai. In his work Nambiyandar Nambi
Puranam alias Tirumurai Kanda Puranam, Nambi identifies his patron as Rasarasamannan-
Abhayakula-sekharan, that is king Rajaraja, the best of the race of Abhaya.[77] Thus far Shiva
temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the Nayanar
saints were also placed inside the temple.[76] Nambi arranged the hymns of three saint poets
Sambandar, Appar and Sundarar as the first seven books, Manickavasagar's Tirukovayar and
Tiruvacakam as the 8th book, the 28 hymns of nine other saints as the 9th book, the Tirumandiram
of Tirumular as the 10th book, 40 hymns by 12 other poets as the 10th book, Tirutotanar
Tiruvanthathi - the sacred anthathi of the labours of the 63 nayanar saints and added his own hymns
as the 11th book.[78] The first seven books were later called as Tevaram, and the whole Saiva canon, to
which was added, as the 12th book, Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam (1135) is wholly known as
Tirumurai, the holy book. Thus Saiva literature which covers about 600 years of religious,
philosophical and literary development.[78]
Brihadisvara Temple
In 1010 CE, Rajaraja built the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur

dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple and the capital acted as a center
of both religious and economic activity.[79] It is also known as Periya
Kovil, RajaRajeswara Temple and Rajarajeswaram.[80][81] It is one
of the largest temples in India and is an example of Dravidian
architecture during the Chola period.[82] The temple turned 1000
years old in 2010.[83] The temple is part of the UNESCO World
Heritage Site known as the "Great Living Chola Temples", with the Brihadisvara Temple built by
other two being the Gangaikonda Cholapuram and Airavatesvara Rajaraja I, a UNESCO World
temple.[84] Heritage Site
The vimanam (temple tower) is 216 ft (66 m) high and is the tallest in
the world. The Kumbam (the apex or the bulbous structure on the top) of the temple is carved out of a
single rock and weighs around 80 tons.[85] There is a big statue of Nandi (sacred bull), carved out of a
single rock measuring about 16 feet long and 13 feet high at the entrance. The entire temple structure
is made out of granite, the nearest sources of which are about 60 km to the west of temple. The temple
is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu.[86]
Coins
Before the reign of Rajaraja the Chola coins had on the obverse the tiger emblem and the fish and bow
emblems of the Pandya and Chera Dynasties and on the reverse the name of the King. But during the
reign of Rajaraja appeared a new type of coins. The new coins had on the obverse the figure of the
standing king and on the reverse the seated goddess.[87] The coins spread over a great part of South
India and were also copied by the kings of Sri Lanka.[88]
Inscriptions
Due to Rajaraja's desire to record his military achievements, he
recorded the important events of his life in stones. An inscription in
Tamil from Mulbagal in Karnataka shows his accomplishments as
early as the 19th year. An excerpt from such a Meikeerthi, an
inscription recording great accomplishments, follows:[89]
Hail Prosperity! In the 21st year of (the reign of) the A typical lithic inscription of the
illustrious Ko Raja Rajakesari Varma, alias the illustrious Chola period
Rajaraja Deva, who, while both the goddess of fortune
and the great goddess of the earth, who had become his
exclusive property, gave him pleasure, was pleased to
destroy the kalam at Kandalur and conquered by his
army, which was victorious in great battles, Vengai-nadu,
Ganga-padi, Nulamba-padi, Tadigai-padi, Kudamalai-
nadu, Kollam, Kalingam and Ira-mandalam, which is
famed in the eight directions; who, while his beauty was
increasing, and while he was resplendent (to such an
extent) that he was always worthy to be worshipped,
deprived the Seriyas of their splendour, and (in words) in
the twenty-first year of Chola Arumoli, who possesses the
river Ponni, whose waters are full of waves.[90][91]
ஸ் வஸ் திஸ்ரீ் பெருநிலச் கேயுரிமை காந்தளூர்ச் உடையார்

திருமகள் போல செல் வியுந் பூண் டமை சாலைக் ஸ்ரீராஜராஜ
பெருநில தனக்கேயுரிமை மனக்கொளக் களமறூத்தருளி
வேங் கை
Excerpts of Rajaraja's inscription from Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur (first line in every image)
Rajaraja recorded all the grants made to the Thanjavur temple and his achievements. He also
preserved the records of his predecessors. An inscription of his reign found at Tirumalavadi records
an order of the king to the effect that the central shrine of the Vaidyanatha temple at the place should
be rebuilt and that, before pulling down the walls, the inscriptions engraved on them should be copied
in a book. The records were subsequently re-engraved on the walls from the book after the rebuilding
was finished.[92]
Another inscription from Gramardhanathesvara temple in South Arcot district dated in the seventh
year of the king refers to the fifteenth year of his predecessor that is Uttama Choladeva described
therein as the son of Sembiyan-Madeviyar.[93]
In popular culture
Rajaraja Cholan, a 1973 Tamil film starring Sivaji Ganesan[94]
Ponniyin Selvan by Kalki revolves around the life of Rajaraja, the mysteries surrounding the
assassination of Aditya Karikalan and the subsequent accession of Uttama to the Chola throne[95]
Nandipurathu Nayagi by Vembu Vikiraman revolves around the ascension of Uttama Chola to the
throne and Rajaraja's naval expedition
Rajaraja Cholan by Kathal Ramanathan
Kandalur Vasantha Kumaran Kathai by Sujatha which deal with the situations leading Rajaraja to
invade Kandalur
Rajakesari and Cherar Kottai by Gokul Seshadri deal with the Kandalur invasion and its after-
effects
Bharat Ek Khoj, a 1988 historical drama in its episodes 22 and 23 portrays Raj Raja Chola.[96]
Kaviri Mainthan, a 2007 novel by Anusha Venkatesh
Udayaar, a book by Tamil author Balakumaran which deals with RajaRaja's later years and
Rajendra Chola I's ascension.
See also
List of Tamil monarchs
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External links
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9/20/22, 1:23 AM Rajaraja I - Wikipedia

His extensive empire included vast regions of the Pandya country,

Rajaraja I, being an able administrator, also built the great

Early life King of Polonnaruwa

Military conquests Reign c. 992 – c. 1014

Hoysala conflicts c. 947

Kalinga conquest Thanjavur, Chola

Officials Empire (modern day

A number of regiments are mentioned in the Thanjavur

Against Kandalur Salai

It is known that Rajaraja celebrated a major victory at Kandalur Salai

Conquest of Kerala and the Pandyas

Conquest of Sri Lanka

— Thiruvalangadu Copper Plates[1]

By 1004 CE, the Gangavadi province was conquered by

The invasion of the kingdom of Kalinga occurred after the

There are multiple references to the conquest of "Kuda-malai-

It is said that the king conquered Malainadu for the sake of

— Romila Thapar, "Encyclopaedia Britannica" (https://www.britannica.com/place/In

His elder sister Kundavai assisted him in administration and management of

Arts and architecture

In 1010 CE, Rajaraja built the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur

ஸ் வஸ் திஸ்ரீ் பெருநிலச் கேயுரிமை காந்தளூர்ச் உடையார்

10. The Hindus: An Alternative History by Wendy Doniger p.347

43. Epigraphia Indica, Volume 30, page 248

67. Geeta Vasudevan 2003, pp. 62–63.

95. "Mani is likely to drop Ponniyin Selvan" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130616095442/http://articl

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajaraja_I&oldid=1108979504"

This page was last edited on 7 September 2022, at 08:07 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0;

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