University of Manchester

Xaverian College
Biological Sciences -
Foundation Chemistry

1A2 – The Mole

There are two types of formula you have to be able to construct:

1. Ionic formula
2. Covalent formula
 Positive Ions (Cations) Negative ions (Anions)

Table of
Name Formula Name Formula

Hydrogen H+ Fluoride F–
Ionic Lithium
Sodium
Li+
Na+
Chloride
Bromide
Cl–
Br–
Charges Potassium
Magnesium
K+
Mg2+
Iodide
Hydride
I–
H–
Calcium Ca2+ Oxide O2–
Barium Ba2+ Sulphide S2–
Zinc Zn2+ Hydroxide OH–
Lead Pb2+ Nitrate NO3–
Silver Ag+ Sulphate SO42–
Transition metals Aluminium Al3+ Carbonate CO32–
have variable Iron(II) Fe2+ Phosphate
oxidation states, Iron(III) Fe3+ PO43–
the charge will be
Copper(I) Cu+
given in roman
numerals
Copper(II) Cu2+
Ammonium NH4+
 Positive Ions (Cations) Negative ions (Anions)

Table of
Name Formula Name Formula

Hydrogen H+ Fluoride F–
Ionic Lithium
Sodium
Li+
Na+
Chloride
Bromide
Cl–
Br–
Charges Potassium
Magnesium
K+
Mg2+
Iodide
Hydride
I–
H–
Calcium Ca2+ Oxide O2–
Barium Ba2+ Sulphide S2–
Zinc Zn2+ Hydroxide OH–
Lead Pb2+ Nitrate NO3–
Silver Ag+ Sulphate SO42–
These are Aluminium Al3+ Carbonate CO32–
compound ions, Iron(II) Fe2+ Phosphate
you cannot use the Iron(III) Fe3+ PO43–
periodic table to
Copper(I) Cu+
work these out, you
have to learn them
Copper(II) Cu2+
Ammonium NH4+
 Positive Ions (Cations) Negative ions (Anions)

Table of
Name Formula Name Formula

Hydrogen H+ Fluoride F–
Ionic Lithium
Sodium
Li+
Na+
Chloride
Bromide
Cl–
Br–
Charges Potassium
Magnesium
K+
Mg2+
Iodide
Hydride
I–
H–
Calcium Ca2+ Oxide O2–
Barium Ba2+ Sulphide S2–
Zinc Zn2+ Hydroxide OH–
Lead Pb2+ Nitrate NO3–
Silver Ag+ Sulphate SO42–
The names of Aluminium Al3+ Carbonate CO32–
positive ions do not Iron(II) Fe2+ Phosphate
change, but the Iron(III) Fe3+ PO43–
negative ions will
Copper(I) Cu+
change.
Elements ending in
Copper(II) Cu2+
-ide Ammonium NH4+
 Positive Ions (Cations) Negative ions (Anions)

Table of
Name Formula Name Formula

Hydrogen H+ Fluoride F–
Ionic Lithium
Sodium
Li+
Na+
Chloride
Bromide
Cl–
Br–
Charges Potassium
Magnesium
K+
Mg2+
Iodide
Hydride
I–
H–
Calcium Ca2+ Oxide O2–
Barium Ba2+ Sulphide S2–
Zinc Zn2+ Hydroxide OH–
The names of Lead Pb2+ Nitrate NO3–
positive ions do not Silver Ag+ Sulphate
change, but the
SO42–
Aluminium Al3+ Carbonate CO32–
negative ions will
change.
Iron(II) Fe2+ Phosphate
Iron(III) Fe3+ PO43–
Elements ending in
–ate Copper(I) Cu+
When linked with Copper(II) Cu2+
oxygen Ammonium NH4+
 Constructing ionic formulae
1. Find the value of the charge
on each ion and ‘cross–
multiply’ the number as a
subscript Ba is 2 PO4 is 3
2. Where the number 1 is
needed no number is written
3. Where both numbers are the
same they cancel and no
number appears
4. Where more than one Ba3(PO4)2
compound ion is needed use
brackets to avoid confusion barium phosphate
• magnesium
fluoride MgF2
• sodium oxide
• calcium oxide
Na2O
• aluminium CaO
oxide
• copper(II) Al2O3
hydroxide
• iron(III) Cu(OH)2
phosphate
FePO4
• sodium nitrate
• potassium
NaNO3
carbonate K2CO3
• ammonium
sulphate (NH4)2SO4
• lead sulphide PbS
• iron(II) carbonate
• hydrogen sulphate FeCO3
(sulphuric acid) H2SO4
 Common Equations
1. Acid + metal  salt + hydrogen
Hydrochloric acid + magnesium  magnesium chloride + hydrogen

2HCl + Mg  MgCl2 + H2

2. Acid + oxide  salt + water

Sulfuric acid + sodium oxide  sodium sulfate + water

H2SO4 + Na2O  Na2SO4 + H2O

 Common Equations
3. Acid + metal hydroxide  salt + water
 Nitric acid + calcium hydroxide  Calcium nitrate + water
2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2  Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O

4. Acid + metal carbonate  salt + water + carbon dioxide

 Hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate  calcium chloride + water +
carbon dioxide

2HCl + CaCO3  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

 Common Equations
 5. Acid + hydrogen carbonate  salt + water + carbon
dioxide
 Sulfuric acid + sodium hydrogen carbonate  sodium sulfate + water
+ carbon dioxide
H2SO4 + 2NaHCO3  Na2SO4 + 2H2O + CO2

6. Acid + ammonia  ammonium salt

 Hydrochloric acid + ammonia  ammonium
chloride
HCl + NH3  NH4Cl
 Common Equations
7. Metal + oxygen  metal oxide
Sodium + oxygen  sodium oxide
4Na + O2  2Na2O

8. Metal carbonate  metal oxide + carbon dioxide

(on heating)
Calcium carbonate  calcium oxide + carbon
dioxide
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
 Balancing chemical equations
1 C + 2 S  CS2
 

 
2 H2 + Cl2  2 HCl
 
 
 
3 2 Mg + O2  2 MgO
 
 
 
4 2 Na + 2 H2O  2 NaOH + H2
5 N2 + 3H2  2 NH3

 
 
 
6 NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H 2O
 
 
 
 
7 SO2 + ½ O2  SO3
 
 
 
 
8 Na2CO3 + 2 HCl  2 NaCl + CO2 + H 2O
9 CaCO3 + 2 HCl  CaCl2 + CO2 + H 2O
 
 
 
 
10 Fe + 1 ½ Cl2  FeCl3
 
 

 
11 FeCl2 + ½ Cl2  FeCl3
 
 

 
12 3 CuO + 2 NH3  3 Cu + N2 + 3 H2O
13 2 H2O2  2 H2O + O2
 
 
 
 
14 2 NH3 + 2½ O2  2 NO + 3 H2O
 
 
 
 
15 Ca(OH)2 + 2 HCl  CaCl2 + 2 H2O
 
 
 
 
16 FeSO4 + 2 NaOH  Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4
 Writing balanced chemical equations

1 4Na + O2  2Na2O

2 2NaOH + CuSO4  Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4

3 Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2

4 Mg + H2SO4  MgSO4 + H2
5 CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO 2

62Fe + 3Cl2  2FeCl3

7 H2 + PbO  Pb + H2O

8 2H2 + O2  2H2O
9 Ca +S  CaS

10 MgO + 2HNO3  Mg(NO3)2 + H2O

11 N2 + 3H2  2NH3

12 2Na + Cl2  2NaCl

13 2Mg + O2  2MgO

14 2NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O

15 2AgNO3 + CuCl2  2AgCl + Cu(NO3)2

 Relative Atomic Mass & Relative Molecular
Mass
 
Relative Atomic Mass, RAM or Ar

 
Relative Molecular Mass, RMM or Mr
The Mole and Avogadro Constant
The relationship between quantities is shown above. This means we can derive
 
1. m = n x Ar 2. n = m / Ar 3. A r = m / n
1. What is the mass of
a.5.00 mol of calcium
b.2.40 mol of oxygen
c.0.500 mol of water
d.10.9 mol of carbon dioxide
e.1.20 mol of magnesium chloride

a. 5 x 40.1 = 201 g
b. 2.4 x 32.0 = 76.8 g
c. 0.5 x 18.0 = 9.00 g
d. 10.9 x 44.0 = 480 g
e. 1.2 x 95.3 = 114 g
How many moles are in
a. 30.4 g of sodium
b. 2.60 g of sodium hydroxide
c. 1.70 g of ammonium chloride
d. 0.0400 kg of iron
e. 90.2 g of aluminium sulphide

a. 30.4/23.0 = 1.32
b. 2.6/40 = 0.0650
c. 1.7/53.5 = 0.0318
d. 40/55.8 = 0.717
e. 90.2/150 = 0.601
Calculate the Ar and try to deduce the element if
a.2.00 mol weigh 24.0 g
b.5.00 mol weigh 35.0 g
c.4.00 mol weigh 128 g
d.0.300 mol weigh 8.40 g
e.0.0100 mol weigh 320 mg

a. 24/2 = 12 Carbon
b. 35/5 = 7 Lithium
c. 128/4 = 32 Sulfur
d. 8.4/0.3 = 28 Silicon
e. 0.320/0.01 = 32 Sulfur
The Ideal Gas Equation
pV = nRT
p=pressure (in Pa),
V = volume (in m3),
n = moles of gas,
R = the gas constant = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1,
T = absolute temperature (in K)

kPa X 1000 Pa
/ 1000
dm 3
m3
/ 1,000,000
cm 3
m3
⁰C + 273 K
Or use two equations:

1) n = pV
RT

2) Mr = mass
moles
Example: How many moles of oxygen are there in
500 cm3 of gas at 25ºC and 100 kPa?

1. Convert to appropriate units:

  p = 100 x 1000 = 100, 000 or 1 x 105 Pa
V = (500/106) = 5 x 10–4 m3
R = 8.31
T = 25 + 273 = 298 K

2. Equation: n = pv/RT
 
 
3. Substitute and solve: n = (1000000 x 5 x 10–4)
(8.31 x 298)
n = 0.0202
 Further examples
2. At what temperature would 0.5 mol of CO2
at 350 kPa take up a volume of 800 cm3?

T = pV / nR

T = 350,000 x (800/106)
0.05 x 8.3
T = 674 K
 Further examples
3. What pressure has 2 mol of nitrogen at
250 K in 250 cm3?

P = nRT / V

P = 2 x 8.31 x 250
(250/106)
p = 16620000 Pa
 Further examples
4. Calculate the Mr of a gas if 12.02 g of the
gas occupies a volume of 0.003 m3 at 37ºC
and 172 kPa pressure.
n = pV /RT
n = 172,000 x 0.003
8.31 x 310
n = 0.200
Mr = m/n
Mr = 12.02/0.200
Mr = 60.1
 Further examples

5. 0.636 g of a gas occupies 154 cm3 at 150

kPa and 310 K. What is the Mr of the gas?

n = pV /RT
n = 150000 x (154/106)
8.31 x 310
n = 0.00897
Mr = m/n
Mr = 0.636/0.00897
M = 70.9
6. When potassium nitrate is heated it gives off
oxygen. Work out the volume of oxygen in dm3 at
38ºC and 100kPa produced from 3.45 g of
potassium nitrate . The other product of heating
is potassium nitrite, KNO2.
n KNO3 = 3.45/101.1 = 0.0341
2KNO3 → 2KNO2 + O2
n O2 = 0.5 x 0.0341 = 0.0171
V = nRT / P
V = 0.0171 x 8.31 x 311
100000
V = 4.42 x 10―4 m3 ≡ 0.442 dm3
 Empirical Formulae and
Molecular Formulae
• experimental or empirical formula
• represents the simplest ratio of each element in a
compound
• C4H10  C2H5
• H2O2  HO
• CO2  CO2
• To calculate empirical formulae:
– Write down the masses of the elements involved
– Convert the masses into moles by dividing by Ar
– Divide all by the smallest number you get
– Adjust the ratio to be whole numbers
 Empirical Formulae and
Molecular Formulae

Deduce the empirical formula of the following

substances:

1. C2H6
2. P2O3
3. SO2
4. Glucose
5. B6H10
6. Propanoic acid (CH3COOH)
 Empirical Formulae and
Molecular Formulae

Deduce the empirical formula of the following

substances:

1. C2H6 - CH3
2. P2O3 - P2O3
3. SO2 - SO2
4. Glucose – CH2O
5. B6H10 - B3H5
6. Propanoic acid (CH3COOH) – CH2O
 Empirical Formulae
1. Work out the empirical formula of ammonia formed
by 2.8 g of nitrogen reacting with 0.6 g of hydrogen.
N H
Mass 2.8 0.6
Moles /14
2.8
/1 =
0.6

= 0.2 0.6
Ratio /0.2 0.6/0.2
0.2

=1 =3
EF NH3
 Empirical Formulae
2. 6.2 g of phosphorus reacts with 8.0 g of
oxygen; what is the E.F.?

P O
Mass 6.2 8.0
Moles /31 8.0/16
6.2

= 0.2 = 0.5
Ratio /0.2 0.5/0.2
0.2

= 1 = 2.5
EF P2O5
 Empirical Formulae
3. 5 g of iron sulphide contains 2.31 g of sulphur; what is
the E.F.?

Fe S
Mass 2.69 2.31
Mol 2.69
/55.8 2.31
/32
= =
0.0482 0.0722
Ratio
0.0482
/0.0482 0.0722
/0.0482
=1 = 1.5
EF Fe2S3
 Empirical Formulae
1. What is the E.F. of lead oxide; 2.23 g of the oxide
contains 2.07 g of lead?

Pb O
Mass 2.07 0.16
Moles 2.07
/207.2 /16 =
0.16

= 0.010 0.010

Ratio 0.010
/0.010 0.010
/0.010

=1 =1
EF PbO
 Empirical Formulae
2. In 0.8 g of methane there is 0.6 g of 3. What is the E.F. of the cmpd. with 10 g of
carbon and the rest is hydrogen; what is the calcium, 3 g of carbon and 12 g of oxygen?
E.F.?

C H Ca C O
Mass 0.6 g 0.2 g Mass 10 3 12

Moles /12 =
0.6 0.2
/1 = Moles 10
/40.1 3
/12 12
/16
0.05 0.2 =0.25 = 0.25 = 0.75
Ratio /0.05 =
0.05 0.2
/0.05 = Ratio /0.25
0.25 0.25
/0.25 = /0.25
0.75

1 4 =1 1 =3

EF CH4 EF CaCO3
Empirical Formulae
4. A cmpd. of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen has 40% C and 6.7% H. What
is the E.F.?

C H O
%- 40 6.7 53.3
age
Moles /12
40
/1 =
6.7
/16
53.3

=3.33 6.7 = 3.33

Ratio /3.33
3.33
/3.33
6.7
/3.33
3.33

=1 =2 =1

EF CH2O
 Empirical Formulae
5. A weighs 6.8 g. It contains 2.0 g of Ca, 4. A cmpd. of carbon, hydrogen and
1.6 g of S and the rest O. What is the oxygen has 40% C and 6.7% H. What
E.F.? is the E.F.?

Ca S O C H O
Mass 2.0 1.6 3.2 %- 40 6.7 53.3
age
Mol 2.0
/40.1 1.6
/32 3.2
/16 /12 /1 = /16
Moles 40 6.7 53.3

=0.050 = 0.050 = 0.20 =3.33 6.7 = 3.33

Ratio /0.05
0.05 0.05
/0.05 = /0.05
0.20
/3.33 /3.33 /3.33
Ratio 3.33 6.7 3.33

=1 1 =4 =1 =2 =1
EF CaSO4 EF CH2O
 Molecular Formula
• The molecular formula represents the actual
number of each type of atom in one molecule of a
substance
• The M.F. can be calculated from the E.F. if the Mr is
known
• The mass of the E.F. must always be a simple fraction
of the Mr
• e.g. - hydrogen peroxide has an E.F. of HO but is
known to have mass of 34. The mass of the E.F. is 17
which is half the Mr. So the M.F. must be twice the
E.F. ie H2O2
 Finding molecular formula
Using the empirical formula and the Mr deduce the
molecular formula.

a) NH M = 32
2 r

b) C H M = 58
2 5 r

c) CH M = 70
2 r

d) PH M = 34
3 r

e) CH M = 78 r

f) CH M = 42
2 r
 Finding molecular formula
Using the empirical formula and the Mr deduce the
molecular formula.

a) NH M = 32 N2H4
2 r

b) C H M = 58 C4H10
2 5 r

c) CH M = 70 C5H10
2 r

d) PH M = 34 PH3
3 r

e) CH M = 78 C6H6 r

f) CH M = 42 C3H6
2 r
 Molecular Formula
Work out the M.F. of a hydrocarbon of Mr 30
formed when 1.44 g of carbon reacts with 0.36
g of hydrogen

C H If the Mr is 30 and
Mass 1.44 g 0.36 g
the empirical mass is
15, this shows the MF
Moles /12 =
1.44
/1 =
0.36
is 2 x EF
0.12 0.36
Ratio 0.12
/0.12 = /0.12 =
0.36 So, C2H6
1 3
EF CH3
 Molecular Formula Examples
1. When sulphur reacts with chlorine, the product contains
47.4% sulphur; work out the M.F. if the Mr is 135.
2. A compound contains 12.78% carbon, 85.20% bromine
and the rest hydrogen. Its Mr is 188. What is the M.F.?
3. A hydrocarbon contains 82.8% carbon and its Mr is in the
range 50–60. Calculate its M.F.
Molecular Formula Examples
S Cl
1
% 47.4 52.6
Moles 47.4
/32 52.6
/35.5
=1.48 = 1.48
Ratio 1.48/1.48 = 1 1.48/1.48 =
1
EF SCl
Mass =67.6
but Mr =135 =2x67.5

MF S2Cl2
Molecular Formula Examples
C Br H
2
% 12.78 85.2 2.02
Mol /12 =
12.78 85.2
/80 = 2.02
/1 =
1.07 1.07 2.02

Ratio 1.07
/1.07 1.07
/1.07 2.02
/1.07
=1 =1 =1
EF CBrH2
Mass =94
but Mr =188 =2x94

MF C2Br2 H4
Molecular Formula Examples
C H
3
% 82.8 17.2
Moles 82.8
/12 17.2
/1
= 6.9 = 17.2
Ratio 6.9
/6.9 17.2
/6.9
=1 = 2.5
EF C2H5
Mass =29
but Mr =50-60 =2x29

MF C4H10
 FeSO4 H2O
3.04 g 5.56 – 3.04 = 2.52 g
3.04 2.52
g = 0.0200 g = 0.14
151.9 18.0

0.0200 0.14
=1 =7
0.0200 0.0200

1 : 7

FeSO4.7H2O
x=7
 K2Cr2O7 H2O
35.3 g 46.1 – 35.3 = 10.8 g
35.3 10.8
g = 0.120 g = 0.6
294.2 18.0

0.120 0.6
=1 = 5.00
0.120 0.120

1 : 5

K2Cr2O7.5H2O
x=5
 3.36 g 2.02 g
= 0.0187 = 0.112
179.8 18.0
Mr
0.0187 0.112
=1 =6
0.0187 0.0187

1 : 6

Fe(NO3)2.6H2O
x=6
 Moles of H2O = mass / Mr
Moles of H2O = 9.01 / 18 = 0.501
Moles of XSO4 = 0.501 / 5 = 0.100
24.96 Mr of XSO4 = mass / moles
15.95 = 15.95 / 0.100
9.01 = 159.5
Mr of X2+ = 159.5 – 96.1
Mr of X2+ = 63.4
X2+ = Cu2+
 Cr Cl H O
19.51 39.96 4.51 36.02
19.51 39.96 4.51 36.02
= 0.375 = 1.126 = 4.51 = 2.251
52.0 35.5 1 16

0.375 1.126 4.51 2.251

=1 = 3.00 = 12.02 = 6.00
0.375 0.375 0.375 0.375

1 : 3 12 : 6
:

CrCl3.6H2O
1.What mass of calcium oxide would
be formed if 25 g of calcium
carbonate were decomposed?
1. mol CaCO3 = 25/100.1 = 0.250
2. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
3. mol CaO = 0.250
4. mass CaO = 0.250 x 56.1 = 14.0 g
2. What mass of copper sulphate is
made if 225 g of copper(II) carbonate
reacts with excess sulphuric acid?
1. mol CuCO3 = 225/123.5 = 1.82
2. CuCO3 + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O + CO2
3. mol CuSO4 = 1.82
4. mass CuSO4 = 1.82 x 159.6
= 290 g
 N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

Moles H2 = mass = 12 =6
Mr 2

3:2 ratio, therefore moles NH3 = (6 / 3) x 2 = 4

mass NH3 = moles x Mr

mass NH3 = 4 x 17.0
mass NH3 = 68 g
Moles HNO3 = mass = 18.9 = 0.3
Mr 63.0
1:1 ratio, therefore moles NH4NO3 = 0.3
mass NH4NO3 = moles x Mr
mass NH4NO3 = 0.3 x 80.0
mass NH4NO3 = 24.0 g

Moles MgO = mass = 4.0 = 0.0993

Mr 40.3
1:1 ratio, therefore moles Mg = 0.0993
mass Mg = moles x Ar
mass Mg = 0.0993 x 24.3
mass Mg = 2.4 g
 Moles Fe2O3 = mass = 16.5 = 0.103
Mr 159.6
1:2 ratio, therefore moles Fe = 0.103 x 2 = 0.207
mass Fe = moles x Ar
mass Fe = 0.207 x 55.8
mass Fe = 11.5 g

Moles AlCl3 = mass = 4 = 0.02996

Mr 133.5

2:2 ratio, same as 1:1, therefore moles Al = 0.02996

mass Al = moles x Ar

mass Al = 0.8 g
How many moles are there in:
 
1. 2.00 dm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid?
2. 500 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 nitric acid?  
3. 250 cm3 of 4.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid?  
4. 100 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution?
 
5. 50.0 cm3 of 0.0.001 mol dm–3 sodium chloride
solution? 
 Basic Molarity Questions
How many moles are there in:
1.2 dm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid?
2.500 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 nitric acid?
3.250 cm3 of 4 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid?
4.100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution?
5.50 cm3 of 0.001 mol dm–3 sodium chloride solution?

1. 2 x 1 = 2
2. (500/1000) x 2 = 1
3. (250/1000) x 4 = 1
4. (100/1000) x 0.5 = 0.05
5. (50/1000) x 0.001 = 5 x 10–5
What mass is needed to make up:
1. 500 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm–3 HCl?
2. 200 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm–3 KOH?
3. 300 cm3 of 0.125 mol dm–3 H2C2O4?

4.(500/1000) x 0.1 = 0.05 mol of HCl

m= 0.05 x 36.5 = 1.83 g
2.(200/1000) x 0.25 = 0.05 mol KOH
m = 0.05 x 56.1 = 2.81 g
3.(300/1000) x 0.125 = 0.0375 mol H2C2O4
m = 0.0375 x 90 = 3.38 g
What is the concentration of:
1. 0.26 g of NaOH in 100 cm3 of water?
2. 20.4 g of CuSO4 in 275 cm3 of water?
3. 0.05 g of CaCl2 in 125 cm3 of water?

4. 0.26 g of NaOH in 100 cm3 of water?

Moles = 0.26/40 = 6.5 x 10 -3
Conc = 6.5 x 10 -3 / (100/1000)
= 0.065 mol dm-3

2. 20.4 g of CuSO4 in 275 cm3 of water?

Moles = 20.4/159.6 = 0.128
Conc = 0.128 / (275/1000)
= 0.465 mol dm-3

3.0.05 g of CaCl2 in 125 cm3 of water?

Moles = 0.05/111.1 = 4.5 x 10 -4
Conc = 4.5 x 10 -4 / (125/1000)
= 3.6 x 10 -3 mol dm-3
 Further titration questions
1. In a titration 30.0 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of molarity 0.15 mol dm–3
neutralised 25.0 cm3 of a solution of KOH. What is the concentration of the
KOH?
2. 18.0 cm3 of NaOH solution of molarity 0.2 mol dm–3 was neutralised by 16.0
cm3 of a solution of nitric acid. What is the concentration of the nitric acid?
3. What is the concentration of sulphuric acid if 24.0 cm 3 of it neutralised 20.0
cm3 of 0.15 mol dm–3 NaOH solution?
4. What volume of 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid would be needed to
neutralise 24.0 cm3 of 0.14 mol dm–3 KOH solution?
5. 26.0 cm3 of 0.22 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid meutralised and unknown volume
of 0.18 mol dm–3 KOH solution. What is the volume?
1. Moles HCl = 0.15 x (30/1000) = 4.5 x 10-3
HCl + KOH → KCl + H2O 1:1 ratio
Moles KOH = 4.5 x 10-3
Conc. KOH = n /v = 4.5 x 10-3 / (25/1000) = 0.18 moldm-3

2. Moles NaOH = 0.2 x (18/1000) = 3.6 x 10-3

HNO3 + NaOH → NaNO3 + H2O 1:1 ratio
Moles HNO3 = 3.6 x 10-3
Conc. HNO3 = n /v = 3.6 x 10-3 / (16/1000) = 0.225 moldm-3

3. Moles NaOH = 0.15 x (20/1000) = 3 x 10-3

H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O 2:1 ratio
Moles H2SO4 = (3 x 10-3) / 2 = 1.5 x 10-3
Conc. H2SO4 = n /v = 1.5 x 10-3 / (24/1000) = 0.0625 moldm-3
4. Moles KOH = 0.14 x (24/1000) = 3.36 x 10-3
HCl + KOH → KCl + H2O 1:1 ratio
Moles HCl = 3.36 x 10-3
Volume HCl = n /c = 3.36 x 10-3 / 0.1 = 0.0336 dm3
=
33.6 cm3
5.
Moles H2SO4 = 0.220 x (26/1000) = 5.72 x 10-3
H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O 1:2 ratio
Moles KOH = (5.72 x 10-3) x 2 = 0.01144
Volume KOH = n /c = 0.01144 / 0.180 = 0.0635 dm3
= 63.5 cm3
1. a) moles = c x v = 1 x (500/1000) = 0.5
mass = moles x Mr = 0.5 x 36.5 = 18.25 g
 
b) moles = c x v = 1 x (500/1000) = 0.5
mass = moles x Mr = 0.5 x 40 = 20 g
 
c) moles = c x v = 1 x (500/1000) = 0.5
mass = moles x Mr = 0.5 x 98.1 = 49.05 g
 
d) moles = c x v = 1 x (500/1000) = 0.5
mass = moles x Mr = 0.5 x 106 = 53 g
 
e) moles = c x v = 1 x (500/1000) = 0.5
mass = moles x Mr = 0.5 x 90 = 45 g
2. a) moles = mass / Mr = 0.530 / 106 = 5 x 10-3
conc = n / v = 5 x 10-3 / (100/1000) = 0.05 mol dm-3
 
b) moles = mass / Mr = 2.45 / 98.1 = 0.0250
conc = n / v = 0.0250 / (500/1000) = 0.0499 mol dm-3 or 0.05 mol dm-3
 
c) moles = mass / Mr = 15.75 / 63 = 0.25
conc = n / v = 0.25 / (250/1000) = 1 mol dm-3
 

d) moles = mass / Mr = 13.8 / 138.2 = 0.0999

conc = n / v = 0.0999 / (200/1000) = 0.499 mol dm-3 or 0.5 mol dm-3
3. Moles NaOH = 0.5 x (25/1000) = 0.0125
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O 1:1 ratio
Moles HCl = 0.0125
Volume of HCl = n /c = 0.0125 / 1 = 0.0125 dm-3

4. Moles H2SO4 = 0.500 x (12.5/1000) = 6.25 x 10-3

H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O 1:2 ratio
Moles NaOH = (6.25 x 10-3) x 2 = 0.0125
Conc of NaOH = n /v = 0.0125 / (50/1000) = 0.25 moldm-3
Conc in gdm-3 = conc. in moldm-3 x Mr = 0.25 x 40 = 10 gdm-3
 5. a) HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
b) moles NaOH = c x v = 1 x (20/1000) = 0.02
moles HCl = 0.02 (1:1 ratio)
conc. HCl = n / v = 0.02 / (10/1000) = 2 moldm-3
c) conc of undiluted acid = 2 x 10 = 20 moldm-3

6. a) H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

b) moles H2SO4 = c x v = 0.1 x (20/1000) = 2 x 10-3

c) moles of NaOH in 50cm3 = (2 x 10-3) x 2 = 4 x 10-3

conc of NaOH = n / v = 4 x 10-3 / (50/1000) = 0.08 mol dm-3,
therefore there are 0.08 moles in 1 dm3
 Questions on Moles in Solution (2)

1. HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H2O

Conc of KOH in moldm-3 = 5.60 g dm-3 / 56.1 = 0.0998 moldm-3
Moles KOH = c x v = 0.0998 x 25/1000 = 2.50 x 10-3
1:1 ratio, so moles HNO3 = 2.50 x 10-3
a) Conc of HNO3 in mol dm-3 = n / v = 2.50 x 10-3 / (15/1000) = 0.166
moldm-3
b) Conc of HNO3 in g dm-3 = 0.166 x 63 = 10.458 g dm-3

2. Moles NaOH = 1 x (30/1000) = 0.03

Moles HCl = 0.2 x (10/1000) = 2 x 10-3
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O 1:1 ratio
Excess Moles NaOH = 0.03 - 2 x 10-3 = 0.028
H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O 2:1 ratio
Moles H2SO4 = 0.028 / 2 = 0.014
Volume = n / c = 0.014 / 0.1 = 0.14 dm3
3. Moles HCl = c x v = 1 x (30/1000) = 0.03
Moles NaOH = mass / Mr = 1 / 40 = 0.025
Excess moles HCl = 0.03 – 0.025 = 5 x 10-3
Moles NaOH required = 5 x 10-3
Volume = n / c = 5 x 10-3 / 0.1 = 0.05 dm3

4. Moles Na2CO3 in 250 cm3 = mass / Mr = 2.65 / 106 = 0.025

Moles Na2CO3 in 25 cm3 = 0.025 / 10 = 2.5 x 10-3
Na2CO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
1:2 ratio, moles HCl = 2 x (2.5 x 10-3) = 5 x 10-3
conc in mol dm-3 = n / v = 5 x 10-3 / (22.5/1000) = 0.2 mol dm-3
conc in g dm-3 = 0.2 x 36.5 = 7.3 g dm-3
 5. Moles NaOH = c x v = 0.160 x (15.6 / 1000) = 2.496 x 10-3
Moles H2C2O4.nH2O = (2.496 x 10-3) / 2 = 1.248 x 10-3
Moles in 250 cm3 = x 10 = 0.01248
a) Concentration of H2C2O4.nH2O = n / v = 0.01248 / (250/1000)
= 0.04992 mol dm-3
b) Mr = mass / moles = 1.575 / 0.01248 = 126.2
nH2O = 126.2 – 90 = 36.2
36.2 / 18 = 2.01, n = 2

6. Moles NH4Cl = mass / Mr = 2.45 / 53.5 = 4.58 x 10-2

Moles NaOH = 4.58 x 10-2
volume = n / c = 4.58 x 10-2 / 0.500 = 0.0916 dm3