Hashimoto et al.

2011

Benisty et al. 2015

Wagner et al. 2016

Disk around hl tau
 Why loosing angular momentum ?

Is it energetically favorable for a system to transfer its angular momentum outwards ?

Consider a simple model:

2 rings of mass m1 and m2 with specific angular momentum J1 and J2.

J2
J1
 How the total energy varies when mass is transferred ?

It is thus natural for the mass to flow towards the center provide it can
exchange its momentum
 How the total energy varies when momentum is transferred ?

It is thus natural for the angular momentum to flow outwards.

General conclusion is thus that the mass tends to concentrate while

angular momentum tends to go to infinity
 Outline

1. Angular momentum transport in disks

2. Transport mechanisms: a brief review
3. The magnetorotational instability
4. The case of PP disks
 Outline

1. Angular momentum transport in disks

2. Transport mechanisms: a brief review
3. The magnetorotational instability
4. The case of PP disks
Protoplanetary disks properties

• Size: Rd~100-500 AU
• Mass: Md ~10-2 Msol
• Lifetime: d ~10-6-7 yr
• Accretion rate: Macc ~10-7-8 Msol.yr-1
• Keplerian rotation: ~R-3/2
• Need to transport angular momentum outward
 Order of magnitudes
• Disk surface density (@1 AU):

• Disk midplane number density (@1 AU):

• Midplane temperature & sound speed:

• Mean free path (@1 AU):

 Molecular transport
Diffusion timescale

l~1011 m u~1 km/s

with

~10 cm

 ~106 cm2/s et diff ~1012 yr >> disk ~106 yrs

Need for anomalous transport

Indirect signature of disk turbulence
Turbulent transport:  prescription
(Shakura & Sunyaev 1973, Lynden-Bell & Pringle 1974)

Interaction between large scale eddies  ~l.v

Typical size of the eddies <H
Typical amplitude of the velocity fluctuations <c s

=csH with <1

What to expect for ?

d~R2/ et H=cs/  ~1/(2) (Torb/d)(H/R)-2

Typical disk: R~100AU, Torb~1000 yr, H/R~0.05, d ~107 yr

 ~10-2

Problem: value of  unconstrained by the theory

 Viscous disk theory (1D+viscosity)
Conservation of mass

Change in mass between t Mass flux into annulli Mass flux out of annulli
and t+dt

R R+dR
Conservation of angular momentum J=R2

Change in J Flux of J into Flux of J out of annulli Viscous Torque

between t annulli
and t+dt
 Diffusion equation

Mass conservation: 

J conservation:

 

Using:
-
- Mass conservation
 Time evolution
(Lynden-Bell & Pringle 1974, Pringle 1981)
 Steady state (1)

Mass conservation: 

J conservation:
 Steady state (2)
Viscous dissipation heating rate:

Independent of !

Radiative cooling:

 Continuum spectrum (but w/o

central star irradiation)
 Example of application
(Hueso & Guillot 2005)

Diffusion equation:

with

Viscous heating

Irradiation heating

Radiative losses (midplane temperature)

Comparison with observational
constraints for DM Tau
 Outline

1. Angular momentum transport in disks

2. Transport mechanisms: a brief review
3. The magnetorotational instability
4. The case of PP disks
 (Non) Conservation of angular momentum
We need an equation to describe how angular momentum is transported.
Let us start with the azimuthal component of Euler equation.

Let us multiply it by r and combine it with continuity equation, we can show that

Angular momentum can be transported radially by a flux of matter.

Introducing the Lorentz force, it can be shown (using divB=0) that

 (Non) Conservation of angular momentum: gravity

Now let us consider gravity.

From which we finally get

Note the symmetry between g and B

 When disks have a mass…
the gravitational instability
(Toomre 1964, Binney & Tremaine)
Balance between: dM~dR2
• Thermal energy
• Rotational energy
dR
• Gravitational energy
dR

Two requirements for stability: 

dRtherm dRrot
stable unstable stable

Disk stability:
 Disk stability
Dispersion relation from rigorous stability analysis (axisymmetric modes):

Sound waves
Rotational support
Effect of gravity

Toomre criterion

Non-axisymmetric modes: UNSTABLE for Q of order a few

 Self-regulation: Q is always ~1
(Paczynski 1978)

Q>>1: No instability
 Disk cools (cs   Q )
 Q~1: Instability triggers
 Shocks appears (cs   Q )
 Instability weakens, disk cools, etc…
Density snapshot

Q radial profile

Column density in the disk

(SPH simulations with self-gravity and
simple cooling)
(Lodato & Rice 2004)
Gravitational collapse in disks
(Gammie 2001)

Slow cooling Fast cooling

tcool = 80W-1 tcool = 2W-1

• Implications for Giant planet & brown dwarf formation

 Gravitational collapse in disks
Local approach Global approach
Resolution up to 2048^2 Resolution up to (4096x12288)
Fragmentation a stochastic process Fragmentation up to tcool~26-1
Fragment up to tcool~20-1 Results depends on numerical dissipation

Paardekooper (2012) Meru & Bate (2012)

CONFUSED SITUATION…
 Disk winds & jets

Torque due to magnetic field  Angular momentum transfer

 Outline

1. Angular momentum transport in disks

2. Transport mechanisms: a brief review
3. The magnetorotational instability
4. The case of PP disks
The magnetorotational instability

(1928 citations [09/12]…)

See also Velikhov (1959) and Chandrasekhar (1960)
Pen & paper session
 The equations

Ideal MHD equations, compressible, in rotating frame (0), ignoring

vertical component of gravity, around a particular radius R=R0

Write R=R0+x and develop…

 The equations

Ideal MHD equations, compressible, in rotating frame (0), ignoring

vertical component of gravity

…where R-q
Physical interpretation
 Main properties

• A linear instability
• Large growth rate
 =0.75
• Most unstable wavelength
 kvA~
• Condition for unstability
 =Pth/Pmag>1
 d/dR<0
• No requirements on the B-field topology
 Toroidal field OK (Balbus & Hawley 1992)
 Transition to turbulence (with Bz)
Hawley & Balbus (1992), Goodman & Xu (1994)

2D simulations using the code ZEUS-2D: resolution 642 to 2562

Linear modes Secondary instabilities Flow becomes turbulent

Linear MRI with diffusion coefficient
(Lesur & Longaretti 2007, Pessah & Chan 2008)

Viscous diffusion: Reynolds number Ohmic diffusion: magnetic Reynolds number

Rm=10,1,0.1