Guess What This Is

tardigrades, also known as water bears or moss piglets
animals. They were first described by the German zoologist Johann August ...
(harsh environment-survival)

These creatures look like

the hookah-smoking
caterpillar from "Alice in
Wonderland." They can
range from 0.05
millimeters to 1.2 mm
(0.002 to 0.05 inches)
long, but they usually
don't get any bigger than
1 mm (0.04 inches) long.
Tardigrades, which live in water or in the film of water on plants like lichen or
moss, can be found all over the world in some of the most extreme
environments, from icy mountains and polar regions to the balmy equator and
the depths of the sea.
Tardigrades eat fluid to survive.
They suck the juices from algae,
lichens and moss. Some species
are carnivores and even cannibals
— they can prey on other
tardigrades
Tardigrades reproduce through sexual
and asexual reproduction, depending on
the species. They lay one to 30 eggs at a
time. During sexual reproduction, the
female will lay the eggs and the males
will fertilize them. In asexual
reproduction, the female will lay the eggs
and then they will develop without
fertilization.
How ? Why? Protects the organelles, the stuff inside cells which makes it work

Trehalose is a disaccharide formed by a 1,1-glycosidic bond between two α-glucose

units. Two other isomers are not found in nature. It is found in nature as a disaccharide
and also as a monomer in some polymers.

Solubility in water: 68.9 g per 100 g at 20 °C

Chemical formula: C12H22O11 (anhydride)

Solubility: soluble in ethanol, insoluble in diethyl ...

Density: 1.58 g/cm3 at 24 °C

Trehalose can be used to: Increase moisture retention in baked goods, reduce chewiness and hardness and
keep the product moist
- the major carbohydrate energy storage molecule used by insects for flight.
Who
Larinus weevil is a genus of true weevils, comprising about 180 species, mostly in the
Palaearctic region. Turkey appears to have a significant diversity of the group, with
more than 50 species recorded in the Eastern part of the country

Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot FRS FRSE was a French

chemist and politician noted for the Thomsen–Berthelot
principle of thermochemistry.

putting ice into your glass

of water to the common
such as burning fuel for a
car

all chemical changes are accompanied by the

production of heat and that processes which occur will
be ones in which the most heat is produced
What is Science?
 The Temple of Nature: Or, The Origin of Society: A Poem,
with Philosophical Notes. By ErasmusDarwin ·
What is Science
• Science: Latin Scientia
• To Know
• Systematic enterprise
• Builds & Organizes knowledge
• Testable explanations and
predictions about the world
• “Unveiling nature”
• Gain KNOWLEDGE
The Types of Knowledge
• Knowledge
• It is a statement about what you
accept as sufficiently “real” to allow
you to take action upon and thereby
live your life.

• Examine this statement: “Dragons are

real”.
• What does YOUR knowledge tell you?
1. Belief Knowledge
• Knowledge about the world is inherent • The Burning Question:
and unique in each human being.
• Is it open to testing, observation
• It is attained by individual revelation.
or quantification?
It's not clear when or where stories of
dragons first emerged, but the huge,
flying serpents were described by the
ancient Greeks and Sumerians. For much
of history dragons were thought of as
being like any other exotic animal:
sometimes useful and protective, other
times harmful and dangerous. 
Examples of beliefs
• A falling star was a sign of good
luck.
• Eclipses were caused by a sky
dragon called Laho. Every time
an eclipse occurred, it meant
Laho swallowed the sun or the
moon.
• The eclipsed moon was red
because it was bleeding. The
marks on the face of the moon
were marks of the dragon’s
teeth.
• Beating gongs could make Laho
let go of the moon.
 8.No scientific basis.
9. There are no spirits in the water that will punish you. Small fish should be
allowed to grow and reproduce. If we catch fish before they have fully grown,
there will be less fish to catch in the future. This shall be our “punishment”

10. No scientific basis. Warts are caused by a virus.

2.Research knowledge
• Gathering of knowledge is universal.
• Based on a protocol to allow one to select between alternative observations or
hypotheses.

It requires:
All observations be repeatable
By more than one(and different) observers
All hypotheses (guesses) are FALSIFIABLE (can be rejected,reputable)
Involves natural phenomena
Research knowledge does not claim FACT. It claims logical circumstancial
explanations.
Research Knowledge

Ancient times ---------------------------------------

Where did life come from?
RESULT= several false theorems
BUT: they weren’t stupid simply, limited

Van Helmont, Chemist, Doctor, Plant Nutritionist

Research Knowledge

dust creates fleas

, maggots arise from rotting meat, and bread or wheat left in a dark corner
produces mice.
 21 days
Wheat
Soiled Underwear

Was this FULLY GROWN

“wrong?” MICE
 1745 by the
experiments of John
Needham.
It was known at the time that
heat was lethal to living
organisms. Needham theorized
that if he took chicken broth
and heated it, all living things in
Francesco Redi in 1668 it would die. After heating some
broth, he let a flask cool and sit
at a constant temperature
The theory of spontaneous generation was finally laid to rest in
1859 by the young French chemist, Louis Pasteur.
What is the goal of Science?
Goal of Science- Understanding
Phenomena: things that happen in the world
Identify relationships and characteristics
Predict summaries and conclusions
Derive knowledge and facts
Science Personified, Boston Library
Science Personified, Boston Library
Boston Public Library is the second-largest
library in the United States by volumes
(19,090,261). 

With mobile WiFi hotspot lending

initiative, expanding free internet access
to patrons beyond its 26 public service
locations.
john Heilbron (2003)
• Modern science as a discovery as well as an invention.
- a discovery of regularity in nature enough for natural phenomena
to be described by principles and laws
- science required invention to devise techniques, abstractions,
apparatuses, and organizations to describe these natural regularities
and their law-like descriptions
Technology
• The application of scientific knowledge, laws and principles to
produce services, materials, tools and machines aimed at solving
real-world problems.
• Techne-art, skill or cunning of hand
Zuckerberg, Mark
technological tool- is something that takes a human’s sense or
ability and augments it and makes it more powerful.
I wear contact lenses or glasses, that is a technology that enhances
my human ability of vison and makes it better.
CARL SAGAN – AMERICAN SCIENTIST
WE LIVE IN A SOCIETY ABSOLUTELY DEPENDENT ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY AND YET HAVE CLEVERLY ARRANGED THINGS SO THAT
ALMOST NO ONE UNDERSTANDS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. THAT’S
A CLEAR PRECRIPTION FOR DISASTER.
STS seeks to bridge the gap between two
traditionally exclusive cultures: humanities and natural sciences so that
humans will be able to better confront the moral, ethical, and
existential dilemmas brought by the continued developments in
science & technology
Characteristics of a Good Method
• Verifiable and repeatable
• Controlled but unbiased
• Narrowed but flexible
• Accurate and precise
• Deductive and inductive
• Useful and significant