LESSON 2:

METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHIZING
W H AT I S
PHILOSOPHIZING?

• Philosophizing means to think  or express oneself in the 

philosophical manner. It consider or discusses a (matter)
from a philosophical standpoint.
W E H AV E F O U R
DIFFERENT
METHOD OF
PHILOSOPHIZING.
P H E N O M E N O L O G Y:
ON CONSIOUSNESS

• In other words, phenomenology is

the systematic attempt to uncover
and describe the internal meaning
structures of lived experience that
are encountered in lived
experience: 
EXISTENTIALISM
: ON FREEDOM

• Existentialism is a
philosophy of human
nature that identifies
people as having free will
to determine the course
of their lives. It
emphasizes individual
responsibility to create
meaning rather than
relying on a higher power
or religion to determine
what is important,
valuable, or morally right.
POSTMODERNIS
M

• It is accepted that truth is

not absolute.
Postmodernism  is not
philosophy- it is best a
holding pattern, perhaps
a cry of despair.
Postmodemist believe
that humanity should
come at truth beyond the
rational to the non-
rational elements of
human nature. Including
the spiritual. 
 • One of the methods of
philosophizing is the
conviction that the some
significant structure. Any
A N A LY T I C of various philosophical
methodologies holding
TRADITION  that clear and precise
definition and
argumentation are vita 1
to productive
philosophical inquiry.
LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING: TOOLS
OF REASONING
 • Fallacies are mistaken beliefs based
on unsound arguments. They derive
from reasoning that is logically
incorrect, thus undermining an
FA L L A C I E S argument’s validity.
A N A LY Z E S I T U AT I O N S T H AT S H O W T H E
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OPINION AND TRUTH
 Opinion
          An opinion is a judgement, viewpoint, or statement that is not conclusive, rather than facts,
which are true statements.
Example: I think Ms. U is a very good teacher.                                                                                                 
         
 Truth
          Truth is the property of being in accord with fact or reality. In everyday language, truth is
typically ascribed to things that aim to represent reality or otherwise correspond to it, such as
beliefs, propositions, and declarative sentences. Truth is usually held to be the opposite of
falsehood.
Example: The sun is hot.