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Dr J Frost (jfrost@tiffin.kingston.sch.uk)
www.drfrostmaths.com
@DrFrostMaths
?
Test Your Understanding
1
Why do you think the
sequence refers to the first
term as rather than ?
Because indicates the
?
number of slugs ‘after 0
days’, i.e. the initial value.
?
119
Determine .
?
Iteration
Solve using:
a) The quadratic formula
(hint: square both sides first and make one side 0)
b) Iteration
We turn the equation into a term-to-
term formula, by making the left-
𝑥𝑛+1=√ 𝑥𝑛 + 1
hand-side and any instance of on
2
𝑥 =𝑥+1
the RHS . Don’t worry yet about why
it works…
𝑥0 =1
?
? You will always be given a starting
value in the exam. The 0 means
we’ve done “0 iterations”.
?? ?
Use your term-to-term formula to get successively
?a better solutions to the original equation.
𝑥1=√ 𝑥0+1=1.41421…
Use the ANS key to
reuse the previous
Bro Note: We only want the positive
answer.
solution because in the original equation, If you type in , then
the RHS is positive (square rooting can’t give type , you can then
a negative value) and thus the LHS, i.e. spam the equals key!
must be positive.
We could keep going for ever to keep getting more accurate solutions. The
exam will usually tell you how many iterations it wants (here we did 4).
Why use iteration then?
In the previous example, we could have found out the ‘exact’ answer using
the quadratic formula.
However, for some functions, the exact solution is either complicated and
difficult to calculate:
𝒙 𝟑 +𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 −𝟑 𝒙 +𝟒=𝟎 ?
𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒙 ) =𝟎 ?
Exact solution not expressible
Iteration therefore is an intelligent way of doing ‘trial and improvement’ that gets
us the solution correct to progressively more and more decimal places on each
iteration, even if there is no way to write the answer in a 100% accurate way.
Another Example
Bro-Exam Note: Most exam questions have two
parts: the first will get you to rearrange the equation
so you have on its own on the LHS
[Edexcel New SAMs Paper 3H Q14c]
𝟑
𝟒 𝒙=𝟏−𝒙
Bro Tip: Use the target expression as clues
b) Starting with , use the iteration formula twice, to find an estimate for the
solution of .
Write all the digits on your calculator display.
𝒙 𝟎 =𝟎
For iterative methods, give your answer
as a decimal NOT as a fraction. Why?
Because fractions imply an exact answer,
? ?
but this method only gets an
approximation of the solution)
Test Your Understanding
a) Show that the equation can be arranged to give
3
𝑥 =𝑥+19
?
𝑥0 =0 ?
Roots and Showing Roots Lie in a Range
Terminology: The roots are the solutions of an
−𝑥
2 − 𝑥=0 equation in the form .
If then the roots are the -intercepts of the
graph.
c Choose a starting value (from step (a)) and generate the sequence.
We could have chosen any starting value between 0 and 1.
Preferably near the middle!
,,,,
?
Exercise
1 For each iterative formula, find and correct to 3 a) Show that can be written in the
three decimal places form .
(a)
?
b) Use the iteration formula
(b)
? to find to 3 decimal places. Start
with
(c) ?
?
(d)
?
c) Show that has a root between 2.6
4 and 2.7
?
2 For the equation , we can use the iterative formula Therefore ?
and .
d) Using and , find to 3 decimal
Explain the relationship between the values of and
the equation
places.
, , are successfully closer approximations to a ,
root/solution of ? ?
Note: You are not expected to know
Why does this method work? this for your GCSE exams.
𝒙
= + 𝟏
𝒚 𝒚= √ 𝒙