GENDER AND SOCIETY

Deanna L. Hechanova. PhD, RGC, LPT

UNIT1-GENDER &SEXUALITY

LESSON 1 – SEX, GENDER & SEXUALITY

SEX – biological dimension of gender &
sexuality
also referred to as physical self
sexual anatomy or physiology
chromosomes can determine sex
( xx/ xy, testosterone/ estrogen &
progesterone
GENDER
attached social & cultural
meaning to sex.

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
how a child should behave &
how parents should treat their child

HETERONORMATIVITY 3
a phenomenon of determining
the normality o a behavior based on

20XX
whether it conforms or not to the
expectations relative to one’s
biological sex. Ex: girls are expected
tbe gentle ,caring & loving. Boys to
be strong, rough & assertive
GENDER IDENTITY
the sense of who we are
TRANSGENDER
a person biological sex does not align
with one’s gender identity. These
individual may undergo gender
reassignment surgery to align their
physical characteristics to their gender
identity.
Belief, culture and economics may
hinder one to consider surgery
• SEXUAL ORIENTATION

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
pertains to one’s emotional & sexual attraction to a
person.
HETEROSEXUAL people attracted to the opposite
sex
5
HOMOSEXUAL, GAY or LESBIAN people attracted
to the same sex

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LGBT refers to lesbian, gay, bisexual & transgender
community
 APPRECIATING DIVERSITY………………………………………
Is a personal process, one must feel safe , be comfortable enough
with their sexuality for them to “come out” of who they really are.
We can only truly tell if the person is gay, lesbian or bisexual if the
person shares with us his/her experiences and feelings of attraction
towards
them…………………………………………………………………….
LESSON 2- GENDER AND
SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
SOCIETY has progressed though knowledge
and information
HISTORICAL accounts show that humans’
concept of gender & sexuality has also
changed.
ARCHEOLOGICAL ARTIFACTS reveal that 7
in distant past human societies have high regard
for women

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DEVINE FEMININE the sacredness of the
women due to her ability to conceive children
has prevailed
EGALITARIAN women are equally treated
with men. Both have equitable power and roles
• AGRICULTURAL ERA
humans’ discovery of PARTERNITY

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
( fatherhood/ role of the father) when societies
began to establish communities and tame rear
cattle & stocks, have changed how societies have
viewed women and men therefrom
PATRIARCHY ( Patriarkhes) “rule of the father”.
Men rule over women & their children. Men are 8
expected to lead; social, legal, political,
&economic spheres

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PATRILINEAL men can inherit property & the
family name. Women viewed as weaker sex. Not
allowed to go to school, vote and should not
concern themselves in learning science and
politics.
HISTORICAL VIEWS ON GENDER
GREEK ARISTOTLE PLATO & OTHER
PHILOSOPHERS viewed women as inferior
sex and are properties of men whose only job
was to obey their husbands, bear children
and take care of the households
EGYPT Egyptian women enjoyed higher
social status the Greek women because they
can inherit property and engage in trade and
politics-HERIDOTUS
CHINA women should obey their father ,
when married obey her husband, when
widowed obey her son ( Confucianism “
Three Obedience & Four Virtues”)
 A G N O D I C E O F AT H E N S

• The first woman doctor

of ancient Greece. She
entered school of
medicine some 2000
years ago by dressing as
a man to circumvent
the restriction of her
gender
 W O M E N H AV E

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
C O M E A L O N G WAY

GENDER PAY GAP

UNDERPRESENTATION
RAPE
11
CONSERVATIVE EXPEXTATIONS
WOMEN DO MORE

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HOUSEWORK &
CHILDCARE
SEXISM (prejudice, discrimination
based on sex, steroetype
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
WOMEN LIBERATION MOVEMENT,
WOMEN’S MOVEMENT/ FEMINISM
Continuing series of social movements that aim to
challenge the patriarchal society that creates these
oppressive political structures. Belies, and
practices against women. To put simply feminism
demands equality.
1. Women suffrage
2. Equality in Politics & Society
3. Reproductive Rights
4. Domestic Violence
5. Sexual Harassment & Sexual violence
6. Right to divorce/ make decision
LESSON 3- G& SEXUALITY
SUBJE CT O F INQU IRY
Click to add photo
Gender is a big part of our
individuality and society, a form of
organization often unnoticed.
Gender studies emerge from the need
to analyze how gender, sex, and
sexuality impact our lives, esp. how it
creates gender inequality.
In gender studies, we are asked to
disrupt and question these kinds of
social expectations, gender roles and
gender norms
GENDER STUDIES is about
everyone.
DIVERSITY and
INCLUSION gender roles are
socially constructed and are
not something the we are
“born with”
ETHICS in GENDER &
SEXUALITY RESEARCH
Informed consent
Confidentiality
Non-maleficence &
beneficence
Distributive justice
 P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
BIOMEDICAL
PERSPECTIVE IN GENDER
AND SEXUALITY
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Lesson 4: Anatomy and

Physiology of Reproductive
…………..
 BIOLOGICAL
FEMALE
External Genitalia
 Vulva-all external genitalia structure
taken together
 Mons veneris-pads of fatty tissue
between pubic- bones & skin
 Labia majora-outer lips surrounding all other
 Prepuce-clitoral hood
 Clitoris-head, root, sensitive to stimulation
 Labia minora-inner lips surrounding the
vestibular where sweat and oil glands,
extensive blood vessels, and nerve endings
are located
REPRODUCTIVE
STRUCTURE
Ovaries-produce estrogen and
progesterone
Fallopian tubes-carry egg cells from
ovaries to uterus, where
fertilization occurs
Uterus- womb, organ within pelvic
zone where fetus is carried
Vagina- collapsible canal extending
from V opening back & upward
into body to cervix & uterus.
Arousal, engorged wd blood. Aids in
expansion & trigger lubricant form vagina
mucosa
BREAST/STRUCTURE

At puberty, both the grandular

& fatty tissues of the breasts
develop considerably.
The grandular tissues of the
breasts responds to sex
hormones and the breasts are
involved in a womans’ sexual
arousal.
The grandular tissues produces
milk toward the end of
pregnancy and after childbirth
in response to hormone level
 MAL E E X T E R NA L G E N I TA L I A
Prepuce-foreskin covering head of penis
Penis-head, root. Sensitive to stimulation. Arousl,
engorged wd blood resulting in erection.
Corona-rim of glans where it arises from shaft
Frenulum-thin strip of skin connecting glans & shaft on
underside of penis
Scrotum- sac that encloses the two compartments
housing the testes
Urethral opening-found on head of penis, end of tube
connected to bladder for urination. Internal structure
which deliver semen by which men ejaculates
Perineum- area of skin separating genitalia from anus,
distance is greater in males than females
 MALE INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE
ORGAN
Testes-testosterone, male dev & sexual drive,
produce unlimited sperm cells over entire course of
lifespan
Vas deferens- travels from testicle toward urethra
carrying sperm
Seminal vesicles- two glands that produce alkaline
fluid rich in fructose sugar. Alkaline nature may
stimulate sperm to start self-propulsion & sugar may
provide sperm nutrients
Ejaculatory ducts-connect vas deferens to urethra
Prostate-gland producing alkaline secretions. A help
counteract acidic environment of urethra/vagina
making mire hospitable to sperm
Urethra-tube within penis carries sperm/semen the rest
of the way to the opening of the penis
L E S S O N 5 - T H E P R O C E S S O F R E P R O D U C AT I O N
DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Ovulation- the process when a mature ovum is released from the

ovary & travels to the fallopian tube for possible fertilization
• Fertilization- union of the sperm and the ovum
• Pregnancy- the process when an offspring develops within the
mother’s womb
H O W D O E S O N E O V U L AT E S ?
• Menstrual cycle – major
landmark of puberty
• Monthly ovulation cycle-
leads to menstruation ( loss
of blood and tissues lining in
the uterus)
• Ovulation – normally last
about 28 days, ,on average
but can be short as 21 or
long as 40 days
 HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR?
• Sperm needs to meet up with an egg
• Officially, pregnancy starts when a fertilized egg implants in the lining of the
uterus
• Pregnancy happens 2-3 weeks after sexual intercourse
• Conception is the process that begins with fertilization of an egg by the
sperm and ends with implantation.
• Ejaculation or coming releases the sperm via the penis into the vagina
• The sperm swims through the female’s cervix, into the womb, & finally into
the fallopian tube
• Once the egg or ovum has been released into the fallopian tube, hundreds of
sperm swim up to reach it.
C O N T I N U AT I O N … … … . .

• Finally, the sperm penetrates the egg in the fallopian tube where
fertilization takes place and eventually, becomes an embryo.
• Once the embryo ( fertilized egg) attaches to the inner lining of the
uterus ( endothelium), fetus develops within five to seven days from a
ball of cells floating in the uterus, which officially begins pregnancy
• Normal pregnancy- 37-42 weeks ( nine months). Measured from the day
of the period
• Pregnancy is discussed in terms of trimester ( 3mo periods) since each
trimester is very different from the rest.
• After eight weeks (8 wks), the embyo is officially a fetus
 H E A LT H E F F E C T S
O F E A R LY
PREGNANCY
Excessive vomiting
Severe anemia
Hypertension
Convulsion
Difficulty in breast feeding
Premature & low birth weight
babies
Infection
Prolonged labor
High maternal mortality or death
L E S S O N 6 - S E X U A L H E A LT H & H Y G I E N E
DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Health- a state of complete physical, mental, & social well-being & not merely the
absence of disease or infirmities
 Hygiene-refers to behaviors that can improve cleanliness & lead to good health, such as
frequent handwashing, face washing , and bathing with soap and water. Inappropriate
can spread many disease.
 Sexual health-refers to a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in
relation to sexuality. Requires a positive & respectful approach to sexuality & sexual
relationships, free of coercion, discrimination, & violence. For sexual health to be
attained & maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected, and
fulfilled
 Reproductive health- a state…in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its
function and processes at all stages of life. It suggest that people with adequate
reproductive health have a satisfying and safe sexual life, can have children, and can
make a choice as to whether they would like to have children, and when and how to
have them
OILY HAIR
Each strand of hair- own sebaceous (oil)
Puberty- sebaceous glands produce extra oil
Wash hair everyday
SWEAT & BODY ODOR
During puberty sweat glands become active &
begin to secrete diff chemicals into sweat that has a
stronger smelling odor
BODY HAIR
BH in new places is something you can count on-
again-they are hormones in action
DENTAL HYGIENE
Brush teeth every after meal.
R I S K Y B E H AV I O R S O F A D O L E S C E N T S
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Risk- the probability that a hazard in

the environment can actually
negatively affect the individual
Risk taking- a behavior of doing
something regardless of potential
loss
• Adolescents experiment with new behaviors
as they explore their emerging identity and
independence
• Often, they are expose to threat to their health
and well-being
• During adolescence, young people begin to
explore alternative health behaviors including
smoking, drinking alcohol, drug use, sexual
intimacy and violence
• The Dept of Health, in its Adolescent and
Youth Health Policy (2000), has identified the
following health risk: premarital sex, early
childbearing, abortion, HIV/AIDS, violence,
accidents, malnutrition & mental health
TROUBLE SIGNS AMONG TEENAGERS

• Sexual promiscuity
• Regular use of drugs and alcohol
• Repeated violation of the law or school regulation
• Running away more than once in three months
• Skipping school more than once in three months
• Aggressive outburst/impulsiveness
• Deterioration in hygiene
• Oppositional behavior
• Non- compliance
• Chronic lateness
• Falling asleep in class
• Changes in physical appearance
• Excessive daydreaming
HARMFUL PRACTICES

• Marijauna (cannabis, Grass, Joint, Splif, Haschish,Pot, Weed) – plant where people smoke the leaves.
Leaves and stem can be made into tea/ cookies. Effects may vary- relax & happy or panic or fear. Appetite
may increase. Eyes become red, throat and mouth dry, increase of heart rate, impairment of long- term
memory & immune system, increase risk of cancer in the jaw, tongue, and lung. Decrease testosterone
levels, sprm counts & increase abnormalities in male users
• Mairungi ( Khat, Qat, & Miraa) leaf is chewed in East Africa. Can help someone feel awake, confident &
energetic and can reduce hunger. Students may use it when “ cramming for exam.” Effects include
sleeplessness, anxiety, aggressive behavior and hallucination. Some men are unable to get an erection after
they have been chewing
• Alcohol- often kept in the home & use worldwide. At first one may experience relaxation and feel less of
self-conscious. More of alcohol lead to being drunk; reaction time slows down and thinking straight
becomes difficult. This is why people who are drinking are often involved in car accidents. Effects can
cause slurred speech & aggressive behavior that can lead to fight, rape, or other kinds of violence.. Too
much of alcohol can end up vomiting, becoming unconscious or even dying. Girl may have unsafe sex wd
someone she does not know. Ability to make healthy and safe decision is impaired
Marijuana Mairungi, Khat, Qat, Miraa
Marijuana Mairungi
HARMFUL PRACTICES
• Cigarettes (tobacco, cigars)-one of the most addictive and dangerous substances, Nicotine, which is
an active ingredient in tobacco.
Its effects. WHO, tobacco is the second major cause of death in the world. The tar in cigarettes
increases in smoker’s risk of lung cancer, emphysema, cardiovascular disease. Can bring second
and third hand smoke.
• Cocaine ( Crack, Coke, C, Charlie, Nose candy, Toot, Bazooka, Big C, Lady, Stardust, Coco,
Flake, Mister Coffee)- often called the “champagne of drugs” because of its high cost.
Its effects: a small amount will raise body temp, make the heart beats faster, increase the
breathing
rate, makes you feel over- confident, & makes you more alert wd extra energy. Excessive doses
may
lead to convulsions, seizures, strokes, hemorrhage, or heart failure. Long term effects of
cocaine/crack use will lead to strong psychological dependence and other problems like destroying
nose tissues, reportorial problems, and weight loss.
Cigarettes, tobacco, cigars Cocaine
HARMFUL PRACTICES
• Heroin ( Hammer, Horse, H, Junk, Nod, Smack, Skag, White, beige, White Lady,
Joy Powder boy, Hairy, Harry)
Heroin is a drug obtain from morphine and comes from opium poppy plant. Its
drug that slows down the user’s body and mind. It is a very strong pain killer and
can be one of the most dangerous things to mix wd other drugs. Heroin usually
comes in a rock or powder form. It can be injected, snored, smoked, or inhaled.
This last method is called “ chasing the dragon”
Effect: Heroin provides an extremely powerful rush and a high that usually last for 4
to 6 hours. A feeling of well-being, relief from pain, fast physical/psychological
dependence, sometimes nausea & vomiting, sleepiness, loss of balance, loss of
concentration, & loss of appetite. Overdose may lead to death. Injecting heroin may
increase the possibility of contracting AIDS. Being high on drugs tend to have
unprotected sex which may put the person at risk of getting HIV.
HEROIN
A M P H E TA M I N E S
• Are stimulants that affect a person’s system by speeding up the activity
of the brain & giving energy. Ice is a strong type of Amphetamines & is
very similar to crack. Amphe are man made drugs, easy to make.
Usually, they are white or light brown powder and can also in the form
of pills. “ Ice” usually comes as colorless crystals or as a colorless
liquid when use for injecting. It can be swallowed, snorted, injected, or
smoked.
• Effects: Can cause an increase in heart- beat, faster breathing , increase
blood pressure and body temperature, sweating, make the person more
confident and alert, give him/her extra energy, reduce appetite, make it
more difficult to sleep, and might make the abuser talk more. The
person using amphetamines may also feel anxious, irritable and suffer
from panic attacks. Frequent use can produce strong psychological
dependence. Large doses can be lethal
A M P H E TA M I N E S ( S P E E D , B L A C K
B E A U T I E S , P E P P I L L S , WA K E U P S , R I P P E R S )
E C S TA C Y
• Ecstasy are stimulants and is most often used in the form of tablets at rave
parties. It is a drug that speeds up the users’ system by increasing his/her
physical and emotional energy. It’s a synthetic ( man-made) drug. These
tablets are usually swallowed.
• Effects: A person using ecstasy will probably feel happy, warm, loving, and
more energetic. He/she would feel close to others, and might sat or do things
that he/she usually would not. Nausea and vomiting, rise in blood pressure
and heart rate, possibly even death due to overheating of the body, and
dehydration or loss of water are some effects of ecstasy. Feelings of
depression and tiredness are common after stopping the drugs. There is
mounting evidence that prolonged ecstasy use can lead to brain and liver
damage
E C S TA C Y
I N H A L A N T S , S O LV E N T S
• These area chemicals that can be inhaled, such as glue, gasoline, aerosol
spray, lighter fluid, etc. These are not drugs, in fact, they are legally
available from a large number of shops. Widely abused by the poorer
sections of society, street youth. Often, the chemicals is placed over a
nose & mouth. Other methods include : soaking a rag in a bag or sack
and then placing over the face and inhaling the vapor.
• Effects: inhalants may give the user a “high” for a very brief period of
time. They make him/her numb for a short period of time, dizzy,
confused and drowsy. They can also cause headaches, nausea, fainting,
accelerated heartbeat, disorientation, and hallucination. They can
damage the lungs, kidney, and liver in the long run. They can also cause
suffocation, convulsions, and comas.
I N H A L A N T S , S O LV E N T S
T I P S T O AV O I D D R U G S

 You do not need to take drugs to be

like by people
 You do not need to take drugs to
feel brave & courageous
 You do not need drugs to cope with
sorrow or disappointments
 You have, within you, the strength
and inner resources to deal with any
situation and any problem
You can talk to a friend, a teacher, a
parent, or a trusted person at your
church.