GENDER AND SEXUALITY

AS A SUBJECT OF INQUIRY
 Group 2

Bartizo, Jehan Aubreyleen M.

Bonabon, Angel Rose A.
Cabreros, Angel Mae M.
Capitle, Kyla Paulyn N.
Clemente, Denise Anne T.
 INTRODUCTION

Gender seems so obvious and so simple, many would ask why

we have to study it. Well, gender studies as an area of
knowledge, is about looking into, analyzing, and examining
society so that we notice power relations in the seemingly
“simple things”. It helps us see the issues in our everyday lives
through a different lens.
GENDER STUDIES
- a field of study concerned about how reproductive roles are
interpreted and negotiated in the society through gender

- It emerged from the need to analyze how gender, sex, and sexuality
impact our lives, especially how it creates gender equality. It came
about in the mid 1970’s after the second wave feminism as a way to
challenge the male-defined and male –centered knowledge
GENDER STUDIES
- is not just for women or all about women, it is about everyone.It is about
everyone. It explores how our gender roles have changed throughout our
history and how it created inequalities.
- One hundred years ago, women were not allowed to study at universities
since their role was only restricted to domestic or thehousehold.
GENDER ROLES OR SEX ROLES
- refer to the societal expectations and beliefs about how men and
women should behave and what constitutes masculinity and
femininity

- are socially constructed and are not something that we are “born
with”. Society, through a lifelong process of normalization,
encourages or reprimands behaviors to make a child adapt to these
social expectations.
 GENDER STUDIES AND RESEARCH
As a subject of inquiry, Gender Studies utilizes a systematic approach inidentifying
problems, making hypothesis and assumptions, gathering data andmaking
conclusions. This systematic process is referred to as the research process.

APPROACH IN RESEARCH
• Qualitative Approach
• Quantitative Approach
Qualitative Approach

Focuses more on the meaning created and interpretations made by people about own personal
or vicarious (observe) experiences. For example, if you want to know how women, men, or LGBTQ+
live their lives on a dailybasis and how they make sense of their lived experiences, then the
qualitative approach is fitting. Some of the methods used in the qualitative approach are as follow.

Phenomenology – conducting intensive interviews with individuals who have experienced a particular
event and understanding their “live experience”
Hermeneutics – understanding the meaning of texts (literary works, art works)and what they convey
about human realities; and
Ethnography and ethnomethodology – immersing in a community and talkingnote of their
experiences, beliefs, attitudes , and practices.
 Quantitative approach- on the other hand, focuses more on
characterizing population (total number of individual in a group) or a
sample (a sub-group within the population), and in some cases, making
generalizations about the population based on the behavior of a simple.
For instance,. Some of the methods used in the quantitative approach
are as follows
Survey – collecting information from a sample
Experiment- creating actual set-ups to observe behavior of people in an
experimental group (a group receiving treatment such as training or a new
experience) and comparing it to the behavior of people in a control group (a
group without any treatment
 Ethics in Gender and Sexuality Research

Informed consent - Researchers should make sure that the participants in the
study are aware of the purpose and processes of the study they are
participating in.

Confidentiality and anonymity - Researchers should not reveal any

information provided by the participants, much so, their identity to anyone
who are not concerned with the study.

Non-maleficence and beneficence - A study should do no harm

to anyone. Especially in researches involving humans, a
studyshould be beneficial for it to be worth implementing.

Distributive justice - Any study should not disadvantage a particular

group,especially the marginalized and the oppressed (e.g., poor
people, women,LGBTQ+, the elderly). The benefits of a study should be
for all
THE ANATOMY
AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF
REPRODUCTION
 Gender and Sexuality
Gender
Gender refers to the socially constructed characteristics of women, men, girls, and boys,
including norms, behaviors, roles, and relationships. Gender varies across societies and
can change over time, indicating its societal influence.

Sexuality
Sexuality encompasses one's feelings, thoughts, attractions, and behaviors towards
others, encompassing physical, sexual, or emotional attractiveness. It is a diverse and
personal aspect of one's identity.
 INTRODUCTION
Humans undergo physical and emotional changes from childhood to adulthood,
which are gradual and progress at different ages and speeds. These stages are
based on human growth and development from childhood, adolescence,
adulthood, and old age. The adolescent stage is characterized by dynamic
changes in physical and behavioral traits. Despite differences in physical
appearance, sexual organs in men and women share similar functions. Each
person has a pair of gonads, with female gonads being ovaries and male gonads
being testes. Ova and sperm are essential for reproduction, leading to new life
creation.
 Anatomy and Physiology of
Reproduction
Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of body structure in relation to body parts.
The female sexual anatomy is designed for the production and
fertilization of ovum, as well as carrying and delivering infant
offspring. Puberty signals the final development of primary and
accessory organs that support reproduction

 The Biological Female

The female external genitalia consist of the following:

Vulva
- all the external genital structures
taken together
 The Biological Female
Mons veneris
- pads of fatty issue between public bone
and skin.
Labia majora
- outer lips surrounding all other
structures.
Prepuce
- clitoral hood (foreskin above and covering
clitoris);
Clitoris
- glans (head), shaft, and crura (root), the clitoris is
particularly sensitive to simulation
 The Biological Female
Labia minora
- Inner lips surrounding the vestibule where
sweat and oil glands, extensive blood
vessels, and nerve endings are located
Vestibule
- area surrounding the urethral opening and
vagina, which is highly sensitive
with extensive blood vessels and nerve
endings.

Urethral openings
- end of tube connecting to bladder and
used for urination
 The Biological Female

Vaginal opening
- also called introitus

Perineum
- area of skin separating the genitalia from
the anus; distance is less in female
than males
 The Biological Female
The female internal reproductive structures consist of the following:
Vagina
- collapsible canal extending from vaginal opening
back and upward into the body to cervix and uterus.
During arousal, it is engorged with blood. This aids its
expansion and triggers the release of lubricants from
vaginal function.
Cervix
- small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is
the opening in cervix leading to interior of
uterus
 The Biological Female
The female internal reproductive structures consist of the following:
Uterus
- womb, organ within pelvic zone where
fetus is carried
Fallopian tubes
- carry egg cells from the ovaries to uterus, this
is where the fertilization occurs and
Ovaries
- Estrogen and progesterone play crucial roles
in female sex, menstrual cycle regulation, and
egg cell maturation. Approximately 1 million
immature ova are present at birth, with
400,000 surviving to puberty.
 PUBERTY
• The process of physical maturation where an adolescent
reaches sexual maturity and becomes capable of
reproduction.

• Puberty typically begins between 8 and 13 in females and

9 and 14 in males

• Puberty is associated with emotional and hormonal

changes, as well as physical changes..
 Female Development During
Puberty
Thelarch
• Thelarche refers to breast growth,
typically the first sign of puberty in girls,
occurring around 9 or 10.
 Female Development During
Puberty
Pubarche
• Approximately six months after thelarche begins,
pubarche, or growth of pubic hair, will typically occur.

• Pubic hair initially appears light, sparse and straight

but will become coarse, thick, and dark throughout
the course of puberty..
 Female Development During
Puberty
Menarch
Menarche is defined as the first menstrual period in a
female adolescent.

Menarche typically occurs between the ages of 10 and

16, with the average age of onset being 12.4 years
 Female Development During
Puberty
Ovarian Development
• Ovarian development refers to the process
through which the primordial germ cells
(PGCs) become eggs for fertilization
 Female Development During
Puberty
Uterus Size
• The uterus develops during puberty and
increases not only in length but also in width
and depth, to achieve a mature shape.
 Male Development During Puberty

Testicular Size
• The testicles are oval-shaped male
reproductive glands. They sit inside the
scrotum, which is a thin membrane of skin that
hangs below and behind the penis.
 Male Development During Puberty
Testicular Size
• The function of the testicles is to produce sperm
and male hormones, such as testosterone.

• Most adult males have two testicles, and each

typically measures around 4 x 3 x 2 centimeters
(cm).
Male Development During Puberty

Pubarche
• The growth of pubic hair at the penile
base typically occurs alongside testicular
development.
.
Male Development During Puberty

Pubarche
• Pubic hairs initially appear light, straight and
thin; then become darker, curlier, and thicker as
puberty progresses

• Approximately two years after the onset of

pubarche, axillary, chest, and facial hair begin to
grow.
 Male Development During Puberty
Penis Size
Penis growth is influenced by the hormones of
puberty and does not have one set age limit. A
person's penis will start to grow more rapidly
between ages 10 and 14, but can keep growing until
they are between ages 16 and 21—or once puberty
ends.
 The Biological Male
The male sexual anatomy is designed
for the production and delivery of the
sperm for fertilization of the female
ovum.
 The Biological Male
The male external genitalia consist of the following:

Prepuce
Prepuce
- foreskin covering the head of penis,
removed in male circumcision.
 The Biological Male
The male external genitalia consist of the following:

Penis
- glans (head), shaft and root. The glans is
particularly sensitive to stimulation.
Running the length of the penis is the
urethra surrounded by the spongy body and
two cylindrical chambers known as the
cavernous bodies. During arousal, these
Glans
become engorged with blood, resulting in
erection.
 The Biological Male
The male external genitalia consist of the following:

Corona
- rim of glans where it arises from the
shaft.
Frenulum Corona
- think strip of skin connecting gland
and shaft on underside of penis.
Frenulum

Scrotum
- sac that encloses the two
compartments housing the testes.
 The Biological Male
The male external genitalia consist of the following:

Corona
- rim of glans where it arises from the shaft.

Frenulum Corona
- thin strip of skin connecting gland and shaft
on underside of penis. Frenulum
Scrotum
- sac that encloses the two
compartments housing the testes.
 The Biological Male
The male external genitalia consist of the following:

Corona
- rim of glans where it arises from the shaft.

Frenulum
- think strip of skin connecting gland
and shaft on underside of penis.

Scrotum Scrotum
- sac that encloses the two compartments
housing the testes.
 The Biological Male
The male external genitalia consist of the following:

Urethral Opening
- found on the head of the penis which is the
end of the connected to the bladder and
used for urination. It is also a tube to which
internal structures deliver semen by which
male ejaculates.

Urethral Opening
 The Biological Male
The male external genitalia consist of the following:

Perineum
- area of skin separating the genitalia from
the anus, distance is greater in males than
females.
 The Biological Male
The male internal reproductive organs:
Testes
- productive androgen,
particularly large
quantities of testosterone,
which greatly influences
male development and
drives sexual motivation;
also produces sperm cells
in virtually unlimited
quantity over the entire
course of the lifespan.
 The Biological Male
The male internal reproductive organs:
Vas Deferens
- travels from testicle
toward urethra carrying
sperm.
Seminal Vesicles
- two glands that produce alkaline fluid
rich in fructose sugar comprising some
70% of semen volume. Alkaline nature
may stimulate sperm to start self-
propulsion and sugar may provide
sperm nutrients. Ducts carry fluid and
connect with vas deferens forming
ejaculatory ducts.
 The Biological Male
The male internal reproductive organs:

Vas Deferens
- travels from testicle toward urethra
carrying sperm.

Seminal Vesicles
- two glands that produce alkaline fluid
rich in fructose sugar comprising some
70% of semen volume. Alkaline nature
may stimulate sperm to start self-
propulsion and sugar may provide sperm
nutrients. Ducts carry fluid and connect
with vas deferens forming ejaculatory
ducts.
 The Biological Male
The male internal reproductive organs:
Ejaculatory Ducts
- connect vas deferens to
urethra.
Prostate
- gland producing alkaline secretions
that account for about 30% of semen
volume. Alkaline nature may help
counteract otherwise, acidic
environment of the urethra and vagina
making them more hospitable for
sperm. Fluid passes through a series of
ducts along wall of urethra.
 The Biological Male
The male internal reproductive organs:

Ejaculatory Ducts
- connect vas deferens to urethra.

Prostate
- gland-producing alkaline
secretions that account for about
30% of semen volume. Alkaline
nature may help counteract
otherwise, acidic environment of the
urethra and vagina making them
more hospitable for sperm. Fluid
passes through a series of ducts
along the wall of urethra.
 The Biological Male
The male internal reproductive organs:
Urethra
- tube within the penis that
carries sperm and semen
the rest of the way to the
opening of the penis.
 Male Hormones
Testosterone is the major male hormone produced mainly by
the testes, but there are other glands called the adrenal
glands that also produce some testosterone. In case a man
has lost his testes, these glands would continue to produce
testosterone to support the male physical appearance.
Testosterone is responsible for the growth and development
of a boy during adolescence and for the development of
sperm and secondary sexual characteristics.
 GROUP 2

THANK YOU