Explicit and Implicit

Claims in Written Texts:

 Learning objectives
At the end of the lesson, the leraners are expected
to:
1. identify claims explicitly or implicitly made in a
written text;
2. determine the key elements of explicit and
implicit claims;
3. differentiate claim of fact, claim of policy and
claim of value from each other; and
4. identify claims of fact, policy and value
presented in written texts.
Activity: Examine the pictures below and write
one direct and one indirect observation for each.

Direct Indirect
Observation Observation
Activity: Examine the pictures below and write
one direct and one indirect observation for each.

Direct Indirect
Observation Observation
 Claims
is an expressed opinion or a conclusion that a
writer wants to be accepted by an audience.
are synonymous to belief, argument, assertion,
or stand.
 is often labeled a proposition in extended
arguments
According to (Tiongson 2016, 20-21), a good
claim should be argumentative and debatable,
specific and focused, interesting and engaging,
and logical.
 Types of Claims Based on Method
Explicit claim is Implicit claim is
directly and clearly indirectly expressed
stated in the text. It is in the text and you
when you can easily need to look for clues
point out the or make inferences to
information in the understand its
passage. meaning.
 Claims Example:
Bringing and using of
 are synonymoussmartphones
to belief, argument,
should be
assertion, or stand.
allowed in school.
According to (Tiongson 2016, 20-21), a
good claim should be argumentative and
debatable, specific and focused,
interesting and engaging, and logical.
Activity: Read the text and write down E if the piece of
Types of Claim Based on Method
information is explicit or write
down I if it is implicit.
“Congratulations, Rosie! Your parents must be proud of
Explicit
you.” claim greeted
The teacher is Implicit
her with claim
delight. is
It was
directly day
graduation and andclearly indirectly
Rosie managed to standexpressed
on stage and
statedher
delivered in speech in front in
the text. thefellow
of her text graduates
and you and
guests. She ended her speech thanking
need toher Alma
look mater and
for
her parents and said, “Let us trust God’s plan.
cluesor make
”Rosie left the stage with tears in her eyes as the clicking
of the medals could be heard frominferences
afar. to
As she approached her parents,understand its and gave
they kissed her
her a big hug and uttered, “Wemeaning.
love you, dear! Your success
is our success. We will surely celebrate at home.
Types of Claims Based on Nature
1. Claim of Fact
2. Claim of Policy
3. Claim of Value
 Claim of Fact
 is a statement that reports, describes predicts, make causal
claims, or whether something is a settled fact.
assert that a condition has existed, exists, or will exist and are
based on facts or data. It relates to statements that can be
easily verified and not dependent on a person's preference.
Questions of fact includes: What is true or false? What
happened/didn't happen? How do we know
this? and What exists/doesn't exist?
Example:
1. Obesity causes health problems.
2. Neil Armstrong was the first man to step foot on the moon.
3. The first Mindanaoan President is Rodrigo Duterte.
Proof requires:
• sufficient and appropriate grounds
• reliable authority
• recent data
• accurate, typical data
• clearly defined terms - no loaded language
• a clear distinction between fact and inference
Example:
1. Obesity causes health problems.
2. Neil Armstrong was the first man to step foot on the
moon.
3. The first Mindanaoan President is Rodrigo Duterte.
 Identify the number of the statement
that expresses a claim of fact.
1. The Department of Education shows its readiness on
the ‘new normal’ in the
teaching and learning process.
2. Curfew must be enforced by parents to their children.
3. Vaping can have same side effects as smoking.
4. The closing of Philippine borders to tourists is one way
to slow down the
spread of COVID-19.
5. Doing videos in TikTok is more exciting than vlogging.
6. Research says that people can reduce stress by
taking a nap.
7. It is more beneficial for a child to grow up
speaking more than one
language than knowing only his or her mother
tongue.
8. National ID system should now be implemented
in the Philippines.
9. Neil Armstrong made a history as the first man
to walk on the moon.
10. Watching K-Drama is the best form of
entertainment.
 Claim of Policy
 is the argument where actions should be carried
out. Basically, it is perceived as a relatively direct
statement.
can also be called claim of solution because it
suggests and supports policies and solutions, and
the action to be taken is based on the results.
Almost always "should" or "ought to" or "must" are
included in this claim.
Questions may include: What should be done? How
can we solve this problem?, What course of action
should we pursue?, and what should not be done?
 Claim of Policy
Proof requires:
 Make proposed action clear
 need justification
 plan must be workable
 consider opposition / counter arguments.
Example:
1. You should support restrictions on abortion.
2. Local Malls should not open during the general
community quarantine.
3. Legislation should be passed to stop the sale of
cigarettes.
 Claim of Value
Claim of value is an argument based on morality,
belief, ethics, or philosophy. It is influentially stated
by combining limited facts and proving them as
either good or bad by targeting the reader’s emotion.
involve judgments and evaluations
are simply expressions of taste, preferences, and
prejudices.
Question of value include: Is it good or bad? Is it
right or wrong?, How moral or immoral?, Of what
worth
is it?, Who says so?, and is it ethical or unethical?
 Claim
Proof requires:
of Value
• Establish standards of evaluation (i.e. a warrant that defines what
constitutes instances of the
relevant value)
• note the priority of the value in this instance
• Establish the advantage (practical or moral) of your standards
• Use examples to clarify abstract values
• Use examples to clarify abstract values authorities for support
Example:
1. Bullfighting is cruelty to animals.
2. It is better to be feared than loved.
3. Reading Science Fiction novel is more interesting than Romance
novel.
 Directions: Identify whether each of the following
statements is a claim of policy or value.
__________1. Most parents favor modular learning
modality during pandemic.
__________2. Allowing students to discover things on their
own is better than simply feeding them with information.
__________3. Schools must provide equitable and quality
internet access to students in the implementation of
online classes.
__________4. People living in polluted areas should start
thinking how to recycle their wastes so that they can
make other alternatives and livelihood as well.
__________5. We should exercise our freedom of speech
and expression.
__________6. Plant mania is as good as watching
movies at home during quarantine season.
__________7. Cutting of classes is unfair.
__________8. The best way to be healthy is to
maintain a balance diet.
__________9. Plant mania is as good as watching
movies at home during quarantine season.
__________10. The Anti-Terrorism Bill should
protect Filipinos.