Overpopulation –Bangladesh
Consequences of overpopulation in
Definition - When a country or
region does not have enough
resources to keep its people at a
reasonable standard of living.
Fact – 61% size of the UK, but
has 96.9mn more people or
Pop density – 1,265 per km
square
Underpopulation – Australia
Definition - When a country or
region has more resources
available than are being used by
the people living there.
Fact -Australia similar size to the
USA, but the USA has over 300
million and Australia has 25.8
million, which is similar to the
population of Texas.
Causes of overpopulation in Bangladesh.
1.Polygamy & Child marriages 51%, with the
median age of 1st birth 18.6yrs.
2. Using contraception 62%
3. Poverty 24%, children eco assets & school
life expectancy 12yrs.
Causes of underpopulation in Australia
1.Women - 1st child later due to careers
( almost 29 years) .Low fertility – 1.74
2. Australia GDP per capita of $49,854, don't
need children to work & support.
Raising a child is expensive.
3. A large part of the country is covered in
deserts, which isn't an attractive place to
live. It is difficult to farm and access water.
Large parts of the country are not well
connected.
Bangladesh
1. Lack of land for growing pop,
combined with rising sea levels =
deforestation and migration to Dhaka.
2.Dhaka 22mn & growing 3% a year.
Many live in slums (2mn) and work in
informal sector.
3. Pollution ( traffic, health impacts &
conflict/violence over lack of resources,
plus poverty. A lot of violence directed
towards women.
Why Australia shouldn’t increase its Problems of underpopulation in
population. Australia.
1.Threaten environmental carrying 1.Workforce = right time to
capacity – 20% desert, 44% unfarmable – welcome more immigrants – aging
food. workforce and skills shortages in
2.Water scarcity – 2019 Murray Darling health care & engineering.
on brink collapse. 2.Resources – has a wide range,
3.More people would demand land = but short of miners. Could boost
deforestation & soil erosion. Land needed economy and support aging
for cities and farmland. Sheep farmers population.
over grazing. 3.Defence – has good military, but
vulnerable against China. Could
employ more in army if bigger pop.
Population Change –Nigeria
Definition -A relationship between
the number of people of working age
(15-64) and the young dependents (0-
14) and the old dependents (65+)
who depend on them for e.g.
benefits, pensions
Fact: 3% of Africa but it is home to
over 15% of its population.
Population-220mn, growth rate
2.35%
40% pop under 15yrs.
Lies at stage 1/2 on DTM
Causes of Japan’s shrinking
population
1.Women careers and marrying later.
Average age 1st birth 29yrs.
2. Homes expensive in Japan.
3. Lack of child care & benefits low.
4. Men stigmatized if take paternity
leave.
5. Role of women – only 40% men
changed nappy.
6. Not welcoming to migrants.
Population Structure
0-14yrs = 12.49%
65+yrs = 29%
Growth rate = - 0.37%
Dependency rate = 69 ( 48 elderly)
Causes of a youthful population.
1.Polygamy ( 5 children) & Child marriages 44%, with
the median age of 1st birth 18.6yrs. Cultural
preference for large family.
2. Using contraception 16%, health care poor = high
IMR.
3. Poverty 40%, children eco assets & school life
expectancy 9yrs. 13mn out of school
Population Structure
0-14yrs = 42%
65+yrs = 3.3%
Growth rate = 2.53%
Dependency rate = 86 ( 80 are elderly)
Evaluating Japan’s population policy
1.Abenomics policy - incentivise women to work.
Some success with the female workforce increasing
from 46.6% in 2007 to 51.8% in 2019.
2. Recently relaxed their strict immigration system
(98.5% of the population was born in Japan).
3. Introduced pro-natalist policies, to incentivise
people to have more babies. The New Angel Plan
( 1999) and the Plus One Policy ( 2009) provided
new child care facilities, to address the shortage and
help women get back to work. They reduced
education costs, to reduce the financial burden of
raising a child and they also improved family homes,
as Japan lacked affordable family size
accommodation. These two policies haven’t been
very successful as the fertility rate hasn’t risen.
4. Robot policy – save health workers time…..but
Evaluating Nigeria’s population policy
1. 1988 it adopted its first population strategy -
cut fertility rates from 6 to 4 & establish an
optimum age of 18 for women and 24 for men.
Nothing has been achieved - lack of political will,
government financing, the
availability/affordability of services, as well as
the cultural preference for large families.
2. Other reasons for failure are poverty and
under investment in education and health care.
Children economic assets.
3. Needs to improve education, create more
jobs & improve infrastructure, which would
attract big companies.
International Migration
Definition: Push factors – factors that cause
people to move/migrate away from an area.
Pull factors – attract people to an area.
International migration - International migration
occurs when people cross state boundaries and
stay in the host state for some minimum length
of time
Facts: India 1.34bn, Qatar 2.5mn
Qatar one of the world’s fastest growing
economies $90,044, whereas India $6,700.
Treatment in Qatar:
6,750 death S.Asia since World Cup construction
begun.
Kafala System- Foreign workers must be
sponsored by companies based in Qatar. They
become responsible for their visa, legal status
and working conditions. The worker must hand
in their passports to their employers. They
cannot change jobs or leave the country at will.
Involuntary servitude– any type of slavery.
Population Decline – Japan
Definition – Pro-natalist policies -
are policies which are designed with the
purpose of increasing the birth
rate/fertility rate of an area.
Old-age dependency ratio - The ratio of
the number of elderly people (+65yrs) to
those of working age (15-64yrs).
Facts – Population is shrinking –half by
end of century.
36% of population are aged over 65yrs.
11th lowest fertility at 1.38
Lies at stage 5 of the DTM
Push India
1.Poverty 22%
2.Natural disasters – Kerala monsoons –
324 killed
3. Food shortages – Sikkim – 189mn
undernourished.
4. Poor health care 0.89 doctors/1000
Pull Qatar
1.Higher salaries – send remittances
$4bn 2017.
2. 2.49/1000 doctors – better health
care.
3. Welcome migrants – loads of DAD
jobs.
Niger Delta – Densely Populated Area
Definition –Places which are densely populated
contain many people. As they are habitable
environments.
Fact –Located in the SE of Nigeria, on the
River Niger.
Covers 7.5% of the land, but contains
13% of the population.
Population density in parts reaches 800
people per km square.
Sparsely populated – Western Australia
Definition –Areas that are sparsely
populated have much smaller populations in a unit
of area. Regions generally have a hostile
environment, including a lack of vegetation, harsh
climate, and/or geographic isolation.
Fact – 15 European countries can fit into
it. Population density can reach as high
as 144 in Perth, but the average is 0.1.
Political factors: Colonised by British. Infrastructure
already developed in the area. 65% of government
revenue,
Economic factors: Jobs, port, 10% of countries GDP
generated by oil & gas, 86% of export revenue. GDP per
capita $4,500 - $5,500. Palm oil
Social factors: High BR, High natural increase, Polygamy,
child brides.
Physical factors: availability of natural resources ( oil),
water, fertile soil, flat land.
Political factors: Government not investing in roads and
rails, so not well connected ( cost, as tarmac melts…)
Economic factors: Only jobs in Mines/ minerals – iron,
gold…most workers fly in and fly out. Farming hasn’t
been developed in the region. Not a wide variety of jobs
on offer in the interior.
Social factors: Difficult to live comfortably –
temperatures can reach 51 degrees. Women have jobs,
age of 1st birth 29yrs, thus birth rate.
Physical factors: Sand storms, size – 12 hours to from
Newman ( mining area) to Perth due to lack of roads,
desert climate, arid, land not fertile for farming. Lack of
rainfall ( under250mm on average in most places) Sand
storms – flash floods – dangerous.