IMPROVING P E R S O N A L ,

N IZ A TI O NA L & C R O S S -
ORGA
T UR A L C O M M U N I C AT IO N
CUL A BA TAN A MALANA
ND JO NL EST E R
NUEL M
THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION IN
ORGANIZATION

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
COMMUNICATION……
• COMES FROM THE LATIN WORD ‘COMUNICARE’ WHICH MEANS TO SHARE OR TO
MAKE COMMON.

• IT AIMS TO EXPRESS OR SEND A THOUGHT, A MESSAGE TO A SINGLE PERSON, A

SMALL GROUP, A BIG AUDIENCE, OR THE MASS. IN RETURN, THE PERSON, GROUP,
AUDIENCE, OR MASS WHO RECEIVED THE MESSAGE WILL INTERPRET AND
UNDERSTAND ITS MEANING. A RESPONSE ELICITED FROM THE RECEIVERS WILL
COMPLETE THE CYCLE OF COMMUNICATION.

• IS ALSO USED IN INITIATING, MAINTAINING AND TERMINATING RELATIONSHIPS;

INFLUENCING AND PERSUADING OTHERS; AIRING CONCERNS, FEARS, DESIRES,
QUESTIONS, AND ANSWERS; AND MANAGING AND RESOLVING PERSONAL, NATIONAL
AND INTERNATIONAL ISSUES
 ELEMENTS IN COMMUNICATION PROCESS
• Sender
• Message
• Channel
• Receiver
• Feedback
• Noise
 ELEMENTS IN COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Sender-The person who conveys his thoughts, message or ideas to the
receiver is known as the sender. He is at the starting point of the
communication system and represents the source of communication.
E.g., In a classroom, a teacher is a sender.
Message-It includes ideas, feelings, suggestions, order, etc., which a sender
wants to convey to the receiver. 
Channel-The path, channel or medium through which encoded message is
transmitted to the receiver is known as media. It is the carrier of the message.
It can be in written form, face to face, through telephone,  letter, internet, etc.
 ELEMENTS-THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Receiver -The person who receives the message of the sender is known as the
receiver. Ex., Students are receivers in the classroom.
Feedback-In order to complete the process of communication, feedback is essential. The
process of reversal of communication in which the receiver expresses his reaction to the
sender of the message is known as feedback. Feedback ensures that the receiver has
received and understood the message. 
Noise-  Any construction or hindrance which hampers the communication process is
known as noise. The hindrance may be caused to the sender, message or receiver. It acts as a
barrier to effective communication and because of this message is interpreted differently by
the receiver. Disturbance in the telephone line, inattentive receiver, faulty decoding, poor
internet connection, improper gestures and postures, etc., are some examples of noise.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
•Verbal communication-This includes communicating on a one-to-one basis
or in a group setting. Verbal communication can take place in person, over the
telephone, by video conference or voice message. Verbal communication is
also used on television, social media and news outlets.
•Non-verbal communication- includes facial expressions, eye contact, hand
movements, touch, gestures and body stance
•Written communication-This can include letters, legal documents, reports,
emails and social media.
DIFFERENT FACTORS IN COMMUNICATION ACROSS
CULTURES
1. Context
High-context cultures (Mediterranean, European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian)
leave much of the message unspecified, to be understood through context, nonverbal cues,
and between-the-lines interpretation of what is actually said. By contrast, low-context
cultures (most Germanic and English-speaking countries) expect messages to be explicit
and specific.
2. Sequential (like American, German, Swedish, and Dutch), businesspeople give full
attention to one agenda item after another.
3. Synchronic (including South America, Europe and Asia) the flow of time is viewed as a
sort of circle, with the past, present, and future all interrelated. This viewpoint influences
how organizations in those cultures approach deadlines, strategic thinking, investments,
developing talent from within, and the concept of "long-term" planning.
 DIFFERENT FACTORS IN COMMUNICATION ACROSS
CULTURES
4.Cultural Identity Cultural identity
refers to what you have absorbed from your surroundings from childhood up to
the present. This includes your attitude , values , and beliefs
Examples: Filipinos in general value the importance of close family ties while
Westerners strongly believe in individuality.
5. Racial Identity
Racial identity refers to the place or country where the person was born or the
race that has a greater influence on his personality. Examples: Latinos or people
who originated from Latin America are considered minority in America. A Filipino
may be born in America but his parents raised him with Filipino values so his
influence is still filipino
 DIFFERENT FACTORS IN COMMUNICATION ACROSS
CULTURES
6. Social Class
Social class refers to the status hierarchy of the person in the society. Examples:
The Queen of England The richest man in the Philippines The scavengers

7. Gender and Role Identity

Gender refers to your perception of the roles of men and women in the society.
Role identity, on the other hand, refers to the part or character you play in society.
Examples: You were born male but you perceive yourself as a female. (gender
identity) You are the third child in your family. (role identity)
 DIFFERENT FACTORS IN COMMUNICATION ACROSS
CULTURES
8. Paralanguage
refers to the factors of speech such as accent, pitch, range, volume, or articulation
that alters the meaning of the message. Examples: Loudness of voice Europeans
interpret it as an aggressive behavior. Filipinos from the Tagalog provinces find it
normal.
9. Facial Expressions and Eye Contact
Facial expressions refer to how we move our facial muscles to send messages.

10. Gestures and Body Stance

Gestures and body stance refer to the body movements you use to send a
message Your body movements can tell your receiver what your intentionis, how
you are feelingat the moment, and what message are
DIGITAL INFORMATION PROCESSING AND
TELECOMMUNICATION
DIGITAL INFORMATION PROCESSING AND
TELECOMMUNICATION
DIGITAL INFORMATION PROCESSING AND
TELECOMMUNICATION
DIGITAL INFORMATION PROCESSING AND
TELECOMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION NETWORK
 COMMUNICATION NETWORK

1. Small groups- interactions among two or more people who are connected through a
common purpose, mutual influence, and a shared identity.
• Chain
• Wheel
• All channels

2.Organizational Group- Communication isn’t just a one-on-one event, where an

individual decides to communicate and starts the process. Organizational communication
can feature other elements, elements that involve more than one person.
 SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION

Chain group -Communication in a chain network is usually moderate in speed, high in accuracy. The
emergence of a leader in this network situation is moderate, and member satisfaction is also moderate. This
network feature is common in teams with rigid chains of command.
Wheel group -leaders communicate to both levels of their organizations and allow communication from both
levels back to them. Communication in a wheel network is fast, because everyone hears the same message,
and it’s high in accuracy.
All-channel group permits all levels of the group to actively communicate with each other. Communication
in an all-channel network is fast, and accuracy is moderate. All-channel groups usually experience no
emergence of a leader and member satisfaction is high. This is the common communication framework used
in self-managed teams, where all group members participate and no one takes a leadership role.
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION NETWORK

• The formal network

• The informal network
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION NETWORK
The formal network is communication that follows the
hierarchical structure of the organization, or the "chain of
command." It follows the formal, established, official lines of
contact.
FORMAL COMMUNICATION FLOW IN ORGANIZATION
a. Horizontal communication- Horizontal communication is
concerned with communication between employees at the
same level in the organization.
b. Vertical Communication- Vertical communication is
concerned with communication between employees at
different hierarchical levels in the organization. It focuses
on downward and upward communication between
managers and employees
FORMAL COMMUNICATION FLOW IN ORGANIZATION

2 types Vertical communication

1. Downward communication-The first type of vertical
communication is downward communication, that which flows from
upper management THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION IN
ORGANIZATIONS down to the employees at lower ranks.
2. Upward Communication-upward communication is initiated by
those at the lower levels of the organization
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION NETWORK
The informal network involves communication that follows
the "grape-vine." This is the type of communication that does
not follow the hierarchical path or chain of command. It tells
you "who is really talking to whom and about what."
GRAPE-VINE
• IS AN INFORMAL INTERPERSONAL CHANNEL OF INFORMATION
NOT OFFICIALLY SANCTIONED BY THE ORGANIZATION.
• IT MEANS GLEANING INFORMATION FROM PLACES OTHER THAN
THE OFFICIAL SOURCE. RUMORS, “HE SAID/SHE SAID”
SITUATIONS, GOSSIP, AND “GAMES OF TELEPHONE” ARE OTHER
TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE GRAPEVINE COMMUNICATION.
ORGANIZATION COMMUNICATION DO’S AND DON’T