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TOPIC
PUBLIC POLICY AND POLITICS OF POLICY
IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION (CONT)
 Organized entities and societies are
continually faced with decisions making
choices that affect the present and future of
their people in the pursuit of set societal or
national objectives and purposes
 The realization of these often requires
actions which ensure that articulated
guidelines are:
 Implemented
 Monitored
 Evaluated and reviewed as necessary
 Taking both internal and external
Image Showing Society
influences into cognizance
Source: http://googlesearch.com
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INTRODUCTION (CONT)
 A policy is the definite course or
method of action selected from among
alternatives
 Policies are usually developed for a
particular purpose and governments
employ them as administrative actions
in conjunction with:
 Laws
 Regulations
 Decisions and executive orders

Source: http://google.com
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INTRODUCTION (CONT)
 Public policy-making is a complex
interactive process influenced by
diverse socio-political and
environmental factors
 At the federal level:
 Public policies are enacted to
regulate industry and business
 Encourage social goals
 Protect citizens at home and
abroad
Logo FRN
 Aid states and local governments
Source: http://google.com
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INTRODUCTION (CONT)
 Policies are statements of what
government intends to do or not do,
including:
 Law
 Regulation
 Ruling
 Decision, or order
 Public policy refers to series of
Image of Nigerian Seat of Power
actions taken to solve societal
problems

Source: http://google.com
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INTRODUCTION (CONT)

 Public policies are formulated and

implemented by governments of all form,
oligarchy, monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny
and democracy

 Policies are debated and negotiated

between parties with different interests
whether they are part of government or
not

 Public policies are shaped over a

number of years and several institutions
often contribute to its formation

Source: TeamBoma.com
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INFLUENCE ON PUBLIC POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

AND EVALUATION
 Public policies are essential for promoting social welfare, economic growth and
political stability, among other goals

 However, the politics of implementation and evaluation can pose significant

challenges for policymakers

 The process of policy implementation can be hindered by several factors

including bureaucratic bottlenecks, lack of resources and resistance from
stakeholders.

 Policy evaluation can also be hindered by dearth of data and political pressures
to demonstrate the success of policies.

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PURPOSE

To examine public policy and politics of

implementation as well as evaluation.

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AIM

To examine public policy and the politics of

policy implementation as well as evaluation
with the view to making some
recommendations.

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SCOPE
CLARIFICATION OF CONCEPTS

TYPES AND STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC POLICY

THE PUBLIC POLICY CYCLE FRAMEWORK

POLITICS IN PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION, IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION

FACTORS INFLUENCING POLITICS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION

CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION

STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION

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CLARIFICATION OF CONCEPTS

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CLARIFICATION OF CONCEPTS(CONT)
 A goal is a desired state of affairs that
a society or an organization attempts to
realize
 They can be understood as either
abstract values or as specific and
concrete values that a society would like
to attain
POLICY VS GOALS If the government announces that its
goal is to provide housing to all the
less privileged sections of society, it
is not yet a policy but a statement of
intention of what the government
wants to do

Thus, a policy is essentially an instrument that

spells out the strategy of achieving a goal
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CLARIFICATION OF CONCEPTS(CONT)
POLICIES AND DECISIONS
 A decision can be taken only
Alternative
when there is more than one
1 alternative available

Public policy as the broad

POLICIES VS DECISIONS
Programmed direction or perspective that the
Alternative government lays down in order to
2 take decisions consists of several
Non- decisions that are taken to fulfil
Programmed its aims.

Alternative
nᵗʰ

A policy is a more comprehensive term as it consists of a series of decisions tied together into a
coherent whole and has a comparatively longer term perspective

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CLARIFICATION OF CONCEPTS(CONT)
TYPES OF DECISION
• Repetitive and do not require a fresh
consideration every time they are taken

• For example, once the decision to open the

PROGRAMMED library from 1000 hours to 1700 hours is taken,
it does not require fresh consideration to keep
it open during those hours.

• New and unstructured and no standard

methods are available for such
decisions, each issue or question is to
NON- be dealt with separately
PROGRAMMED • For example breakdown of an epidemic,
occurrence of earthquake

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CONCEPT OF PUBLIC POLICY AND POLITICS

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CONCEPT OF PUBLIC POLICY AND POLITICS(CONT)
POLICY
• Decisions and actions taken by
governments or other authorized actors to
address specific issues or problems within
society
• Can be viewed from the perspectives of
politics, economics, social relations and
other factors that shape policy decisions
and outcomes.
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POLITICS
• The processes and structures by which
groups of people make collective
decisions, allocate resources and power
and navigate conflict and cooperation
within a society
• Can also be examined at different levels,
from the local to the global
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC POLIVY AND PPPPPPPPP

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC POLICY AND POLITICS

PUBLIC POLICY POLITICS

(a) (b)

 Public problem either real or  Process of making decisions that

perceived apply to members of a group

 A series of action  Ideological orientation of elected

officials
 Outcome of deliberation of

political authorities  Partisan makeup of government

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC POLICY AND

POLITICS

PUBLIC POLICY
POLICY

There is a direct relationship between Public Policy and Politics which can vary
depending on a variety of factors, including the political context, the level of
public engagement, and the role of interest groups and other stakeholders

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TYPES OF PUBLIC POLICY

Distributive Policy – to subsidise or give aids to society. Example; Poverty

policy, providing funding for public schools, subsidies for farmers and grants for
small businesses.

Regulatory Policy - to monitor and control activities. Example; environmental

regulations, workplace safety standards and consumer protection laws

Redistributive Policy – to restructure economy and wealth among society.

Example; progressive taxation, social security programs, and welfare benefits

Constitutive Policy - defines the structure and functions of government and

establish the rights and responsibilities of citizens. Examples; constitution,
electoral laws and the legal system
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STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC POLICY

• GOALS & • ACTORS
OBJECTIVES

Individuals or
Broad, groups who
have an interest
long-term in the policy and
aspirations may be affected
by it

Tools & Monitoring and

Mechanisms evaluation
such as processes,
legislation, feedback
incentives, mechanisms,
subsidies, taxes and
and education enforcement
• INSTRUMENTS programs mechanisms • IMPLEMENTATION
MECHANISMS

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THE PUBLIC POLICY CYCLE FRAMEWORK

 The Agenda setting, where policymakers identify

and prioritize issues for policy action

 Policy formulation, where policymakers develop

and propose policy options to address the identified
problems.

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THE PUBLIC POLICY CYCLE FRAMEWORK (CONT)

SIX STAGES OF POLICY CIRCLE
 Problem Identification
 Agenda Setting
 Policy Making
 Budgeting
 Implementation
 Evaluation

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THE PUBLIC POLICY CYCLE FRAMEWORK

Problem Identification
The problem is defined and articulated by
individuals and institutions such as mass
media, interest groups, and parties
Evaluation
Measures and assess the policy and its outcomes, Agenda Setting
including successes and failures. Legislature uses Focuses the attention of the mass media and
its oversight function for evaluation, agencies public officials on specific public problems
evaluate their own performance, other evaluators being considered as a prelude to decision
include interest groups, thinktanks, academia, and
media

Implementation Policy Making

Gives the bureaucracy authority to enforce the Enact policies including giving reasons for the
policy. Could include adopting rules and policy action adopted (authorized) through the
regulations, providing services and products, national assembly and refined through the
public education campaigns, adjudication of bureaucratic process
disputes, etc
Budgeting
Each year, the parliament must decide through
the appropriations process how much money
to spend on each policy

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POLITICS IN PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION,
IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION
POLITICS IN Political factors such as the ideological orientation of elected officials, the
PUBLIC POLICY partisan makeup of government, and the influence of interest groups and other
stakeholders can influence which issues are prioritized for policy action, which
FORMULATION
policy options are considered, and how policy goals are formulated.

Political factors such as the level of public engagement, the strength of

POLITICS IN interest groups and the availability of resources can influence the allocation of
PUBLIC POLICY resources, the degree of bureaucratic discretion, and the level of political
IMPLEMENTATION support for policy implementation.

Political leaders and interest groups may have different perspectives on the
effectiveness of policies, which can impact the evaluation process.
POLITICS IN Additionally, the availability of resources and bureaucratic capacity can impact
the ability to conduct thorough evaluations of policy initiatives. Political
PUBLIC POLICY
considerations can also influence the criteria used to evaluate policy
EVALUATION effectiveness.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING POLITICS OF

IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION

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FACTORS INFLUENCING POLITICS OF IMPLEMENTATION
AND EVALUATION

Interest
Groups

Political
Availability
culture
of
and
resources
POLICY context
IMPLEMENTATION
&
EVALUATION

Partisan
Public
makeup of
engagement
government

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CHALLENGES IN PUBLIC POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

AND EVALUATION

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CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION

Shifting Public
Budget Bureaucratic Lack of Data Opinion
Political Discretion
Instability Constraints
Leadership Refers to the Refers to the Without a unified Refers to
changes and limitations on database, the
financial resources ability of changes in
political challenge of
instability can
that can be allocated bureaucrats to inequality and
attitudes and
to policy
present implementation and use their unfair beliefs among
challenges in evaluation. Budget expertise and distribution of the general
implementation constraints can limit judgment to the various public
the ability of
and evaluation, as policymakers to make decisions products of the regarding
they can lead to allocate resources to within the programs to policy issues
changes in support effective citizens could
political priorities implementation and context of arise to defeat
and strategies. evaluation. implementing the essence of
policies. the policy.

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STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE

IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION

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STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION

Clear and
Measurable
Goals

Collaboration
Monitoring
across
and
Government
Evaluation
Agencies

STRATEGIES

Using
Evidence- Engaging
based Stakeholders
Approach

Strong
Leadership &
Political Will

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CONCLUSION

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