The Making of Public Policy

Agenda Setting and Policy Formulation

REPORTER
BALINGIT, REGINE
ABALOS, JOYCE
ABABON, MARILYN
BACALIAN, MONICA
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 Phase 1
Policy Initiation/Agenda Setting Initiation
is the primary stage of policy agenda that resulted from an issue
regarded to come out as a problem if not attended to appropriately.

refers to the making of decisions in a certain aspect where policy

initiation determines the political agenda through identification of
emerging problems as issues of relevance, and by determining how
those significant matters are to be responded by the government.

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 Step 1: AGENDA-SETTING/PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Process of identifying policy issues/problems, which require the

attention of a legislator
Process wherein the members of society identify their needs, desires
and demands and wherein a legislator decides to place these issues
on the agenda for deliberation
The setting of the policy agenda allows a legislator to become
sensitized to some of the critical policy requirements that affect
society.
Issue identification can be conducted by forecasting the future with
the use of extrapolative techniques such as the Delphi technique,
brainstorming and scenario sketching.

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 Step 2. Policy Instruments/Sources

• Legislation and government policy and priorities

• Taxation (the budget)
• Persuasion (and public pressure)
• Inspection and audits
• Minutes of meetings
• Legislative records
• Provision of services
• Newsletter, media briefings and community meetings

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 Step 3: POLICY ANALYSIS

 Step-by-step way of unpacking and

understanding policy choices and comparing
possible outcomes
 Policy analysis needs to explore as rationally
and honestly as possible the implications and
possible outcomes of adopting policy

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  The importance and value of continual policy
analysis Policy analysis is an attempt to
determine the costs and benefits of various
alternatives or to evaluate the validity of
existing policies e.g. Force field analysis
 Policy analysis is an attempt to bring about
and transform information pertinent to
particular policies to resolve problems
pertaining to those policies.
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  The Value and Benefits of Public Analysis
 To determine whether they are in effect
contributing towards the general well-being of
society and/or serving the best interests of
organizational stakeholders
 The making of rational choices in policy
 Assists the stakeholders in policy to comprehend
the importance of values, particular interests and
business considerations

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 Provides tangible facts
Compares not only objectives or resources, but also
alternative programmes, it makes errors easy to
identify by working with historical contexts and
bears in mind that senior managers must implement
policies and that citizens are involved

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 Step 4: Stakeholder Engagement, Consultation
and Coordination
 Objective: To ensure accountability, responsiveness and
openness and upholding the right to access information
held by the state Constant interaction with society
 Extensive consultation and co-ordination between the
various stakeholders
 Interest groups e.g. civic society; associations and
lobbyists
 Public participation

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 Step 5: Policy Formulation and Adoption
Factors to consider
Policy recommendations are normally drafted by
senior managers and then referred to higher
management authority for deliberation, approval and
adoption.
It remains the responsibility of the highest decision-
making authority (executive powers) to approve or
reject a particular policy recommendation.

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  The matter could be referred back to
management for further investigation

 A policy-maker or decision maker has to be

sure of the ability of officials to actually
execute a policy - administrative,
operational and managerial capacity to
implement the decision

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 Step 6: Policy Implementation

 Identify the underlying values and

aspirations
 Understand the problem in its context
 Identify the alternative courses of
actions

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  Decide which dimensions of the
problem are most important
 Predict the likely outcomes of
different courses of action
 Measure the chosen courses of action
against important values and
aspirations

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 "POLICY MONITORING is a process
by which stakeholders follow and assess
policies to ensure they are developed,
endorsed, enacted, and implemented as
intended.

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 EVALUATION is an essential part of the policy
cycle, as it facilitates evidence-based policy design
and implementation, increasing the policy’s
accountability and transparency, demonstrating
achievements towards policy objectives and
assessing the policies effectiveness, efficiency,
results and impacts.

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 TWO TYPES OF POLICY
EVALUATION FAILURE
Theory failure Implementation failure
 occurs when the  occurs when the policy
policy was is not implemented as
implemented as intended.
intended, but failed to
have the desired
effect.

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 FOUR TYPES OF
EVALUATION
1. Before-and-After DESIGN
2. With-and-Without Evaluation
 a policy is evaluated for  a policy is evaluated for
the changes it has producing changes in the
produced since its target population,
implementation; the compared to another
situation is controlled to population without the
exclude other possible policy.
influences on the
outcome.

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 3. After-Only Evaluation 4. Time-Series Evaluation

 the extent to which the policy  the changes produced

goals were achieved, compared by the policy, tracked
to the state of affairs before the over a long time period.
policy was implemented; but the
situation is not controlled to
exclude other possible influences
on the outcome.

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