Rotating machines (ECE 330)

Ampere’s law
with
sinusoidal currents for
Sinusoidal steady state operation
approximation
Frequency condition

Electrical equation for steady state

operation with sinusoidal currents
obeying frequency condition Equivalent
circuit
 Two phase machines
𝑖𝑎𝑠

𝑖𝑎𝑟 Balanced sinusoidal currents

𝜃 into stator and rotor
𝑖𝑏𝑠 𝑖𝑏𝑟

𝑖𝑏𝑟 𝑖𝑏𝑠 For steady-state:

if and only if
𝑖𝑎𝑟

𝑖𝑎𝑠
 synchronous
Two phase machines
𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑎𝑠

𝑖𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑎𝑟

𝜃 𝑖𝑏𝑠
𝜃
𝑖𝑏𝑠 𝑖𝑏𝑟

𝑖𝑏𝑟 𝑖𝑏𝑠 𝑖𝑏𝑠

𝑖𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑎𝑟

𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑎𝑠
 synchronous
Two phase machines
𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑎𝑠

𝑖𝑎𝑟
𝑖𝑎𝑟

𝑖𝑏𝑠
𝜃
𝑖𝑏𝑠
𝑣 𝑎𝑠
𝑖𝑏𝑠
𝑖𝑏𝑠
𝜃
𝑖𝑎𝑟
𝑖𝑎𝑟

𝑖𝑎𝑠
𝑖𝑎𝑠
 synchronous
Two phase machines
𝑖𝑎𝑠

𝑖𝑎𝑟

𝑖𝑏𝑠
𝑣 𝑎𝑠
𝑖𝑏𝑠
Sinusoidal with angular 𝜃
frequency
𝑖𝑎𝑟

Can be represented by their

corresponding phasors
𝑖𝑎𝑠
 synchronous
Two phase machines

Sinusoidal with angular

frequency

Can be represented by their

corresponding phasors

Equivalent circuit
 synchronous
Two phase machines

Equivalent circuit
 synchronous
Two phase machines
𝑖𝑎𝑠

𝑖𝑎𝑟

𝑖𝑏𝑠
𝑣 𝑎𝑠
𝑖𝑏𝑠
Sinusoidal with angular 𝜃
frequency
𝑖𝑎𝑟

Can be represented by their

corresponding phasors
𝑖𝑎𝑠
Three synchronous
Two phase machines
𝑖𝑎𝑠

𝑖𝑐𝑠
𝑖𝑎𝑟
𝑖𝑏𝑠

𝑣 𝑎𝑠
Sinusoidal with angular 𝑖𝑏𝑠 𝜃
frequency
𝑖𝑎𝑟
𝑖𝑐𝑠
Can be represented by their
corresponding phasors
𝑖𝑎𝑠
Three synchronous
Two phase machines

Equivalent circuit is exactly the

same as in the two phase case
Three synchronous
Two phase machines

Phasor diagrams:
• Generator/motor action
• Under/over excited
 Poles of a synchronous machine

3-phase,
4-pole
machine

Courtesy: Allaboutcircuits.com

4 poles: Whatever happens electrically over in a 2-pole

machines is achieved over

8 poles: Whatever happens electrically over in a 2-pole

machine is achieved over

poles: Similarly, the same is achieved over

Three synchronous
Two phase machines
Salient pole machine: A small digression

Analysis is omitted
 induction
Two phase machines
𝑖𝑎𝑠

𝑖𝑎𝑟

𝑖𝑏𝑠
𝜃
𝑖𝑏𝑟

𝑖𝑏𝑟 𝑖𝑏𝑠
Synchronous operation:
𝑖𝑎𝑟

Asynchronous operation
𝑖𝑎𝑠

= slip
 induction
Two phase machines
𝑖𝑎𝑠

𝑖𝑎𝑟

𝜃 Notice the
𝑖𝑏𝑠 𝑖𝑏𝑟 difference!

𝑖𝑏𝑟 𝑖𝑏𝑠

𝑖𝑎𝑟

Steady-state operation:
𝑖𝑎𝑠

Agenda: Deriving the equivalent circuit…

 induction
Two phase machines

Need rotor equations as well…

 Plugging and chugging yields…

Next step: Changing into The two equations have sinusoids

corresponding phasors. of different angular frequencies!
Chugging a little more…

“Loop equations”
for the coupled coils
Induction machines
= Rotating transformers!!

Coupled coil representation

Equivalent circuit with an ideal transformer

Equivalent circuit with rotor-side quantities

referred to the stator side…
Induction machines
= Rotating transformers!!

Phew!
Induction machines
= Rotating transformers!!

Squirrel cage rotor: Short the rotor windings, i.e.,

 three
Equivalent circuit of a two
phase induction machine

You have to remember this circuit!

Don’t need to memorize the derivation.
Three phase induction machine
𝑖𝑎𝑠
Notice: There 𝑖𝑐𝑠
are 3 rotor coils. 𝑖𝑎𝑟
𝑖𝑏𝑟
𝜃 𝑖𝑏𝑠
Exercise: Can 𝑖𝑐𝑟
you derive the 𝑖𝑐𝑟
flux linkages for 𝑖𝑏𝑠
this machine by 𝑖𝑏𝑟
inspection? 𝑖𝑎𝑟
𝑖𝑐𝑠

𝑖𝑎𝑠