ORGANIC-BASED

FARMING SYSTEM

TIJANI B. AUXTERO
DA - CARAGA
Strategy for sustainable production system

• Rather than trying to feed the plant –

like the use of chemical fertilizers
• Feed the soil - and the soil will
feed the plant - Organic fertilizers

• Emphasis on symbiosis between plants and soil

microorganisms - Organic-based / Ecological
farming
• Chemical fertilizers as supplement
or seasoning
Ecological inputs Air N 2

Organic Fertilizer
Agricultural Eco-products:
Production (rice, vegetable,
System fish, etc.)
Biodegradable
Household wastes
Rice straw
Rice hull
Close loop resource recovery system
 Nutrient sources
Air–10%

Microorganisms

Applied nutrients-15%
Soil-75%
BNF

Microorganisms
Microorganisms

Mineralization
Mining
How to make EM Organic
 EM Organic
• Mix 5 parts carbonized rice hull (CRH), 3 parts
banana peelings (BP) and 2 parts chicken manure
(CM).
• Water it with a diluted EME (1:100) until the moisture
content of the mixed materials is about 30-40%.
• Pile the material in a mound or windrows then
compress.
• Cover it with plastic sheet or sack. Let it decompose
to 1-2 weeks before using.
• Longer decomposition is required for longer storage.
Mix Organic if its temperature exceeds 45℃
Organic is ready for use when it
has a sweet-sour smell
 Storage

Spread Organic on concrete floor in

the shade to dry
 Store Bokashi in paper bags.
Make sure the Bokashi is completely dry.
 Ideal Agricultural Systems
• produce food on a sustainable basis.
• maintain and improve human health.
• beneficial to both producers and consumers.
• actively preserve and protect the
environment
• self contained and regenerative.
• produce enough food for an increasing
population.
How to attain an ideal agricultural system?
• proper management practices

• Microbial technology as an added

dimension of the best management
practices … is a system of managing
microbial ecology and diversity that will
create more favorable environment
resulting to improved soil quality,
productivity, environment and human
health.
Why microorganisms important?

“Soil Microbial activity is critical for

plant nutrition

Microorganisms (microbial flora)

causes a large number of biochemical
changes in the soil that largely
determine the fertility of the soil.” (De
Datta, 1981)
 Bacteria from Seed:
1. Actinomyces spp
2. Arthrobacter histidinolovoran
3. Bacillus cereus
Bacterial 4. B. pumilus
5. B. sphericus
6. B. subtilis
7. Cellulomonas flavigena
species 8. Chryseobacterium indologe
9. Chryseomonas luteola
10.Corynebacterium aquaticum
11.Curtobacterium citreum 12. Enterobacter agglomerans
13 E. cloaceae
14 E. homaechei
15 Escherichia coli
16. Flavimonas oryzihabitans
17 Micrococcus sp
18. Paenibacillus polymyxa
19. Pantoea ananas
•22 from 20. Pseudomonas stuzeri
21 Roseomonas
22 Staphylococcus kloosii
Bacteria from Leaf:
seeds
1. Roseamonas
2. Bacillus subtilis
•6 from 3.
4.
5.
B. Pumilus
B. Macerans
Pseudomonas cepacia
6. Arthrobacter tidinilovaran
leaves Bacteria from Stem:

1. Roseamonas
•4 from 2.
3.
Bacillus subtilis
Enterobacter agglumorans
stems 4. Acidovorax konjaci
Bacteria from Root Base

1 Actinomyces spp. 13. B. subtilis

•23 from 2. Aeromonas salmonicida
3. Arthrobacter ilicis
14.
15.
B. thuringiensis
Burkholderia picketii
16. Micrococcus halobius
the root 4. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
5. B. atrophaeus
6. B. cereus
17.
18.
19.
M. luteus
Paenibacillus macerans
Pseudomonas cepacia
7. B. circulans
zone 8. B. laterosporus
9. B. macerans
20.
21.
P. mendocina
Pseudomonas putida
10. B. megaterium
11. B. pumilus
 Functions of beneficial
microorganisms
• Decompose organic matter,
making nutrients available
• Acquire nutrients that are
unavailable to plant roots
• Improve soil structure and health
(water retention, pathogen control)
How many microorganisms
are there in 1 gram of soil?
It is more than the number of
people in your family.
It is more than the number of
people in your village.
 The number of microorganisms
in 6 grams of soil is the same as
that of the number of people on
the earth.
Picked up more than 80 kinds of
safe and
human-friendly
microorganisms

That is…
Effective Microorganisms
 What is EM?
EM (effective microorganisms) is a mixed
culture of naturally occurring species from the 5
genera of beneficial microorganisms such as:
* photosynthetic bacteria
* lactic acid bacteria
* yeast
* actinomycetes
* fungi
mutually compatible & coexist in one liquid
culture.
 What is EM Technology?
EM Technology utilizes a mixture of beneficial
microorganisms applied as:
* soil inoculant
* plant inoculant
to manage microbial ecology & increase microbial diversity &
activity in soils & on the plant phyllosphere.

This technology is not a substitute for other

management rather an added dimension for optimizing
our best soil & crop management practices in improving
soil, crop & environmental quality.
Fungi such as Aspergillus & Penicillium sp.
•produce alcohol, esters & anti -microbial
substances,
•enhance the decomposition of organic materials,
•reduce foul odor
* prevent the infestation of insects and maggots.
Actinomycetes
* produce antimicrobial substances from
amino acids & other bioactive substances
from organic materials & those produced by
photosynthetic bacteria.
Photosynthetic bacteria are group of
microorganisms that
* synthesize useful substances from
secretions of roots, organic matter & harmful
gases by using sunlight & heat of the soil as
sources of energy.
 Photosynthetic bacteria (aerobic + anaerobic)

Deduces offensive smell, composes the nutrient

for other beneficial microorganisms
 Lactic acid bacteria
such as Bacillus, Streptococcus, &
Lactobacillus convert sugars & carbohydrates
produced by photosynthetic bacteria & yeasts
into lactic acid.
Lactic acid is a

* strong sterilizer
* suppress the
actions of some
harmful
microorganisms
* enhance
decomposition of
organic materials.
Yeast
produces hormones & enzymes from bioactive
substances derived from organic materials,
root secretions, & those produced by
photosynthetic bacteria.
(aerobic)
Lactic acid bacteria + Yeast + Photosynthetic bacteria

This ensemble can produce EM

POWER.
 Neutral microorganisms

Beneficial microorganisms Harmful microorganisms

The balance of microorganisms in nature

Beneficial microorganisms Harmful microorganisms

Neutral microorganisms
Detrimental condition
 Add EM

Beneficial microorganisms Harmful microorganisms

Neutral microorganisms
Beneficial microorganisms Harmful microorganisms

Beneficial condition
Neutral microorganisms
 Effects of EM to Agricultural Crops
• Promotes germination, seedling vigor,
flowering & fruit setting, & seed
development
• Enhances better root development &
photosynthetic capacity
•Enhances resistance of crops to stress,
pests & diseases
•Increases yield & improve the quality of
crops
•Prolong the shelf life of crops
 Effects of EM . . .
• Improves the physical, biological
properties of soil
• Hasten decomposition of organic materials
• Enhances the efficiency of fertilizers
• Reduce soil borne pathogens
• Reduce the application of agrichemicals
• Clean up the environment
 EM Technology for
Rice Production
1. Apply 2-4 t EM organic/ha before
plowing.
2. Spray 1 L EMAS (1:100 dilution rate).
3. Plow field and maintain at least 2 cm
water level.
4. Apply 0.5 L EMAS (1:200) at final
harrowing, 40-45 DAT, 65-75 DAT and at
90 DAT.
5. Apply chemical fertilizer based on LCC.
6. Spray 0.5 L EMAS (1:500) starting from 15
DAP up to 90 DAP at 2-week interval to
reduce pests and diseases.
 How to control weeds with EM?

 EM promotes weed germination by breaking

the dormancy of the seeds at the surface
layer (weed flushing)
 The fermentation process caused by EM
directly kills the weed seeds at the reduced
soil layer

Growing weeds is controlled by incorporating

them into the soil during land preparation. Shallow
cultivation is recommended to prevent the exposure of
more seeds from the sub-surface layer.
There are Six ( 6 )

EM formulations . . .
• EM-1 is the original formulation.
General purpose formula for
* soil inoculant
1 * plant inoculant
* compost starter
* deodorizer
* waste water treatment
* drinking additives
* making other EM formulations
such as EMAS, EMBI, EMFPE, EMFS.
EM1 (original) is sleeping, has long storage term & high quality.

Microorganisms are in dormant stage.

 • EM activated solution (EMAS) is
2 the reactivated EM.

EMAS must
never be
multiplied as
the microbial
balance is
altered & the
efficacy of EM
is lost.
 EM1 Molasses
1 L (3%) 1 L (3%)

or

Brown sugar
1 Kg (3%)
28 L (94%)
To activate sleeping microorganisms, give them
food (molasses / brown sugar) & house (water).
Leave 3-5 days in an airtight container

Release the gas several times a day.

 (Drinking large amount of
EM Extended is
NOT recommended)
EM Activated solution is ready for use
when it has a sweet-sour smell and
sour taste.
 • EM base inoculant (EMBI) is a fermented
organic materials inoculated with beneficial
microorganisms.
3
• Nutrient source & feed supplement

Features

 Cheap
 Effective
 Easy to make
 Safe
 How to prepare EM solution
5 Liter solution
1. Measure 150
ml molasses
2. Dissolve in 5
liters water
3. Measure 150
ml EM-1
4. Add and mix
into the
sugar
solution
5. Transfer the
solution in a
sprinkler
Procedure in making EMBI
Prepare 1:1
substrate ratio
(by volume)
* 1 part CRH
* 1 part rice bran
Or
1:05:05 ratio
* 1 part CRH
* 0.5 part rice bran
* 0.5 part sawdust
or cocodust
 Procedure…

• Mix the
substrates
• While mixing add
EM solution
slowly until MC
is about 30-40%
• Mix by hand in a
whirl motion to
evenly mix the
solution into the
substrates
Procedure …

• Check the MC by
pressing a handful
of the substrate to
form a ball then
lightly pushing it
with your forefinger.
•
Note: The ideal
moisture is attained
when the ball
crumbles easily when
slightly pushed
Procedure…
• Placed the material
in a container
• Press the material to
release excess air
• Repeat the process
until the container is
full
• Line the container
with paper
• Place a tight lid
• Let it ferment for 5-7
days
• Successful fermentation have a sweet-sour smell
• Repack the material in smaller bags
• Anaerobic Bokashi’s efficacy is about 6 months.
(under good storage condition)
Use of Bokashi to enrich microflora
 Application
Soil inoculant / Fertilizer. Apply 100-
300g/m2 then incorporate into the soil.
Followed by the application of EMAS at
a rate of 1 L/ha.

Fermented kitchen garbage. Apply at

10-30g/kg garbage. Mix it into the
garbage

 Compost starter. Apply 50g/kg of

substrates. Sprinkle and mixed into the
substrates. Followed by the application
of EMAS (1:10 dilution rate)
 Application…

Deodorizer/Sterilizer. Sprinkle over

animal manure to remove foul odor

Feed supplement. Substitute 10% of

the daily feed ration

Fermenting animal feeds. Mix 50g/kg

of animal feed substrates. Followed by
spraying EM solution.
 • EMBI extract is derived from
4 soaking EMBI in water for
overnight.

• The extract is use as foliar

fertilizer. 1 kg EMBI put in old
stocking & suspend it in 10L
water overnight.

• Dilution rate is 1:50 (Extract :

Water)
 • EM fermented plant extract (EMFPE)
5 - a preparation that promotes plant growth &
increase immunity of plants to pests &
diseases.
- a fermented plant parts of known medicinal and
biocide activities.

keeps pests away.

Recommended chopped plants

• Plants with known repellant & pesticidal

actions ( lemon grass, pepper,
eucalyptus, neem, atis, adelfa, madre de
cacao, makabuhay, tobacco, tomato,
soro soro, chrysanthemum, etc.)

• Prunings, young shoots and immature

fruits (the weeds should be cut in the
morning)
How to make FPE (100L)
 14 - 15 days

Strain the
weeds.

Use the preparation within one month

Put lid and weight.
(Stir the liquid
regularly to release
the gas)
 • EM fermented spirit/Stochu (EMFS) is a
fermented mixture of wine, vinegar,
molasses and EM fermented anaerobically
6 for 1 week.
• For more potent formula, add medicinal
plants.
• Use as antibiotic, insect or disease control.
Stochu keeps pests away.
The mixture of Stochu & EMFPE is more
effective.
How to make Stochu (100L)
 Close tightly to develop
anaerobic condition &
store in a warm (20-
30℃) place.

Release the gas several times a day.

Stochu is ready for
Well prepared Stochu
use when the
has a sweet-sour smell.
production of gas
has subsided.
Storage of All EM Formulations . . .

Store in a cool dark place.

Do not store in a refrigerator or in
direct sunlight.
Credits:

Photos & Content:

PhilRice CES &

PhilRice Agusan
 Thank you!!!

KEEP SAFE!!!