ANIMAL

HUSBANDRY
PRACTICES
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PRACTICES:
1. Castration (surgical or elastrator)
2. Deworming
3. Dehorning
4. Dehooving
5. Vaccination
6. Disbudding
7. Putting identification (ear tagging, branding, etc)
8. Shearing
9. Medication
VACCINATION
 Regular Vaccination Program
Vaccines-
Are preparations of live/dead/inactivated/modified
organisms designed to induce immunity to a particular
disease.
A. Live vaccine
Advantages of live vaccine:
• Strong and long-lasting immunity
• Convenience in administration for it can be given by non-
parenteral route
• Stimulation of the best immune response
 Disadvantage:

• The potential to engender

disease because of residual
virulence.
 B. Killed vaccine:
Advantage of killed vaccine:
• Unlikeliness of the antigens to cause disease

Disadvantage of killed vaccine:

• Relatively poor immunogens
 Guidelines for Vaccination/Use of Vaccines:

1. Vaccinate only healthy animals.

2. Do not vaccinate during very hot or wet weather.
3. Avoid stress on the animals during vaccination.
4. Do not buy or use expired vaccines.
5. Store vaccines (“live” or “killed”) in the refrigerator or at cold temperature
(2oC – 6oC).
6. Transport vaccines in ice chest or styrofoam containers packed with ice.
7. Prepare sterilized syringes and needles in advance.
8. Clean and wipe dry the surface of the rubber stopper of vaccine vial with
sterile cotton before inserting needle.
9. Use only approved diluents for vaccines.
10. Dispose and burn vaccine containers.
11. Be ready against allergic reactions.
IDENTIFICATION
 Marking/Identification

Each goat of the herd, when purchased or

born into your herd, should be
permanently marked for some reasons:

o To identify ownership.
o To distinguish animals of the herd for record-
keeping purposes.
o To facilitate easy selection, medication,
segregation, culling and disposal.
 There are two modes of
marking the goats:

• Ear tagging

• Ear notching
 Ear
tagging

ear tag at the middle of the ears

Ear tagging – entails placing a marker into the ear.
This ear tag is usually made up of plastic or light
metal and is pre-numbered before it is placed into
the ear.
 Ear notching

Ear notching- is accomplished by providing a v-

shaped cut on the edge of the ear by using an ear
notcher. Each cut represents a number as indicated in
the ear notching cod
Hundreds Thousands

Tens Ones
DEHOOVING
 Hoof Trimming

• This practice aims to prevent malformation of the

toes, abnormal gait and to prevent foot rot that
results from getting manure inside the untrimmed
hoof. A sharp knife, pruning shears, or a broad
sharp chisel can be used.
• Trimming is easily done in damp cold weather
when the hooves are more pliable. Brittle hooves
need a hoof ointment, or else, these by letting the
goat stand on damp floor for several hours before
hoof trimming
 How to Trim the Hoof:

• Hold the feet of the goat between your knees.

• With a sharp-cutting object, trim down the
excess hoof until the feet are like those of a
newly born kid.
• The edges of the hoof must be of the same level
as that of the frog (the soft part at the center).
• Whittle the frog with utmost care since this is
the most sensitive part of the hoof.
Hoof Trimming
CASTRATION
 CASTRATION
• Castration - is the act of removing the testicles of a
male animal to render them ineffective. This operation
is carried out on all unwanted males in ruminant
production. This management operation prevents
unwanted breeding and improves the carcass quality
of the animal. It can be carried out by surgically
operation or bloodlessly by the use of a burdizzo or
rubber ring elastrator after the animal must have been
haltered. Surgical operation is done within the first
week of the animal’s life while the bloodless one could
be done within the first two weeks of life
Why castrate goats and sheep?

• Castration eliminates tainted or

undesirable odor in male animals

• Castrates are docile thus safe to

herd.
Three (3) Methods of Castration:

I. Burdizzo Method

II. Elastrator Method

III. Knife Method

Burdizzo Method

Burdizzo Method
This is known as “bloodless”
method because wounding or
cutting is not applied, instead,
the operation is done with the
use of Burdizzo, an instrument
designed to crush blood vessel
in the spermatic cord preventing
blood supply to descend in the
testicle. Since no method in
castration is absolutely painless,
this technique is the least
painful to apply
 Steps:
a. Restrain the animal properly,
let it lie in its back and firmly
hold its four feet to refrain it
from paddling.
b. Hold and push its scrotum
downward and then trace for
the spermatic cord.
c. Place the Burdizzo on the
upper part of the scrotum
and clamp the cord. A
clicking sound can be heard
as the cord has been
crushed. Leave the
instrument close at 20-25
seconds.
d. After the given time, release
the scrotum and locate the other side of it.
Crush locations for Burdizzo method
e. Repeat the procedure as what you did in the first
one
 Elastrator Method
This method includes the use of a
heavy-duty rubber band and
elastrator, an instrument intended to
stretch the durable band and be
placed on the neck of the scrotum or
above the testes. Let the band stay on
the testes for 2 – 4 weeks until it
eventually fall off.
This procedure is effective for young
animals specifically at 7 – 10 days up
to 6 weeks from birth when scrotal
materials are not yet developed.
However, animals may suffer from
stress due to intense pain and
discomfort especially for the first 10 –
15 minutes after the band has tightly An elastrator with the heavy duty bands
constricted the neck of the scrotum
Steps:
a. Use band or ring not more than 1
year from its manufacture to
assure tight fit and strong enough
to cut off blood flow, if not,
scrotum will swell.
b. Restrain the animal carefully by
letting it lie on its back and
properly hold its four feet to
prevent it from paddling.
c. Let the scrotum or testes pass
through the stretched hole but not
over the rudimentary teats.
d. Displace the ring or band from the
prong.
e. Inject tetanus antitoxin. This
prevents the tetanus organism to
enter through the irritated tissue
constricted by the ring or band.
f. Check for the ring if it is still intact
Proper sites for the heavy-duty band
and properly placed, and for any signs of
infection that may occur.
 Knife Method
This method involves the removal
of testicles through surgical
operation. Materials needed
include sterile and sharp knife,
surgical blade, warm water,
iodine or 3% creoline solution as
disinfectant, syringe and needle,
tetanus antitoxin, antibiotic and
fly repellant.
While this method is the
cheapest among the techniques,
it is considered the most painful
and has the greatest potential for
infection and fly infestation
 STEPS
Steps:
a. Let an assistant restrain the animal properly
b. Draw the hind legs forward.
c. Wash your hand with soap and water.
d. Wash the scrotum with soap and water
thoroughly and disinfect it and its
surrounding area with 3% creoline solution or
tincture of iodine.
e. Cut across the tip of scrotum carefully then slowly push the
testicles out. Grasp the testis or spermatic cord tightly not to slip-up your
hand and go back into the scrotum, once you touched it, avoid inserting
your finger into the cut area because this increases the chance of
infection to develop.
f. Cut two connecting tissues with a sterilized knife or blade.
g. If a tissue protrudes below the cut area, removed it with the knife.
This is to avoid disease-causing organisms to adhere and cause infection.
h. Apply tincture of iodine over the wound. In areas
where tetanus is known to occur, a
preventive dose of tetanus anti-toxin (TAT) is
recommended.
i. Inject the kid with antibiotic. Fig 2.
j. Spray the wound with fly repellant.
k. The cut area should remain open to allow drainage after castration. Injecting penicillin to buck kid
l. Place the animal in a draft-free confinement.
DISBUDDING
 Disbudding

This process refers to the removal of

horn-buds on kid as raiser decides to
allow the animal to be hornless as it
grows. The kid may be disbudded
using the following method. It is
advised to beginners that these be
done by experienced hand since
neither of the two method is easy.
 A. Chemical Method (potassium
hydroxide stick or caustic stick) –
this is used only in 2-week old kids.

Steps:
a. Wrap the caustic stick with paper to protect hand
from burn.
b. Restrain the animal properly to lessen stress.
c. Clip the hair around the base of the horn-bud.
d. Apply Vaseline on the clipped area. This prevents
the chemical from flowing down the eyes or
burning the skin.
e. Hold the pre-wrapped stick and dip one end tip
in water.
f. Apply the stick into one of the hornbuds in
circular motion, about 2.5 cm in diameter until the
horn tissue is burned-off. Do the same thing on the
other horn-bud.
g. After the process, rub ample amount of Vaseline
to sooth the burnt spot and down the side of the Disbudding a kid applying
head.
Chemical Method
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE STICK
B. Hot-iron cautery Method
Steps:
a. Heat the disbudding iron to a bright
cherry-red.
b. Restrain the animals properly and
firmly to avoid
unnecessary burning.
c. Clip the hair around the base of the
horn-bud.
d. Hold the pre-heat disbudding iron
and apply it exactly over the horn-bud.
Let it stay on the area for six seconds-no
more, no less. Do the same on the other
bud.
e. The iron may be reheated once or Disbudding a kid using Hot-
twice for each horn until they have
iron Cautery Method
disappeared completely.
f. Cover the burnt area with Vaseline.
DEHORNING
 Dehorning

It is a process of removing horn among

adult or mature animals since horned
animals could possibly harm other animals
during goat fighting as well as caretakers.
This can be done on the first 2 to 4 months
of age from birth. The procedure is a risky
operation, so it is wise to consult a
veterinarian or expert especially on the
administration of anesthesia.
 DEHORNING TOOLS FOR CATTLE

Dehorner hodge dehorning handsaw electric horn remover

Steps:
a. Heat the disbudding iron.
b. Restrain the animal properly.
c. Administer anesthesia.
d. Use a dehorning instrument or a
small-toothed sharp saw to cut
the horn.
e. Saw-off the horn very close the
base.
f. Cauterize the wound using the
pre-heated disbudding iron to
prevent excessive bleeding.
g. If profuse bleeding occurs, dust
the wound with iron sulfate until
blood flow stops.
 Docking in newly-born kids/lambs

Docking- or cutting off part of the tail is one of the first management practices
performed after lambing. This will keep the animal hygienic since droppings sticks
to its tail and wool. The process is done between seven and ten days of age. The
tail is cut off at the first or second joint or about 1 to 1.5 inches (2.5-3.8 cm) from
the body. This can be done with a knife, burdizzo, elastator, emasculator, or hot
docking iron.

Tail-docking in lamb using

elastrator with rubber band
DEWORMING
shearing
 Weaning

• Weaning kids depends on the system of management and

operation under which goats are raised. For dairy
purposes, kids may be weaned or separated totally from
does immediately or after colostrum feeding, and then
raised by hand feeding.
• For the purpose of raising goat for its milk, wean the kids
at the age of not less than three months. By this time, the
kids must have experienced consuming solid foods,
particularly concentrates and roughages. At weaning,
separate the buck kids from the kid herd. This would
prevent some of the doe kids from being bred too young.
Breeding those very young kids stunts growth.
 Determining the Age of Goat/Sheep
Aside from the record kept, the age of a goat can be
estimated by looking at the teeth. For animal younger
than one year, the set is complete but these small, and
sharp incisors are still temporary. Two permanent front
incisors can be seen in yearlings but the rest are still
temporary. A two-year old goat has four large front teeth
while a three-year old goat has six teeth. At the age of
four, a complete set of eight front incisors on the lower
jaw can be seen. As goats grow older, teeth become worn
out, spread far apart, become loose and finally drop off.
Dentition in
goats
center. Two temporary teeth replace two
temporary incisor teeth in the center

1 year age

two additional permanent teeth appear

for a total of 4 permanent teeth

2 year age

six permanent teeth are present, with

the last 2 found on either side of the 2
year old teeth

3 year age

full mouth. There is a complete set

of eight permanent teeth

4 year age
mouth. There is a complete set
 Estimated age for sheep and goats with different
numbers of erupted permanent incisors
No. of permanent incisors Estimated age range

Sheep Goat

0 pair Less than 1 year Under 1 year

1 pair 1-1½ years 1-2 years

2 pairs 1-1½ years 2-3 years

3 pairs 2½-3 years 3-4 years

4 pairs More than three years. More than four years

Broken mouth Aged Aged