Well Testing

WHAT ARE WELL TEST?
Well test may be categorized as transient test, productivity test and

production test.
While all tests are transient in nature, this term is required for longer
duration:
Build- up, Injection, Fall- off, Pulse and Interference tests.
All testing requires the accurate recording of flow rates and the
corresponding pressure and time data.
WHAT ARE WELL TEST?
The aim of well testing is to get information about a well and

about a reservoir.
Once the presence of hydrocarbon-bearing-formation is

established and obtained its porosity, thickness and
hydrocarbon saturation. Well test analysis helps to get the
answer of three most important questions;
What is the volume of hydrocarbon in the reservoir system?
At what rate the available hydrocarbon fluid should be

produced at the surface?
How much of the fluid can be recovered

Besides it also provides information about following
reservoir parameters;
•Interwell flow capacity of a reservoir
•static well pressure
•Extent of well damage
•Distance to nearest boundary
•Detecting heterogeneity with in the pay zone.
Answer to the questions and information of reservoir

parameters will establish the commercial viability of the
prospect and is the task of reservoir engineer.
Two general conditions exist within the industry with
respect to the nature of well testing activities.
One most popular connotation in terms of the type and

frequency of test occurrence, is that a well test is an
observation of a well's productivity~ i.e. production or
injection rate as a function of bottom hole or surface
flowing pressure
The second connotation of well testing, as seen mainly

through the eyes of engineering segment of the industry
is that a well test is a definition and quantification of the
parameters which control a well's productivity, i.e. static
drainage area, pressure, permeability, skin, etc. The
advantages of second approach to well testing includes:
•The ability to determine the accuracy of a well's
observed productivity.
•The ability to determine the stability of a well's
observed productivity
•The ability to determine the impact of changing the
parameters which control the productivity of a well or an
entire reservoir.
RESERVOIR ROCK PROPERTIES

Well tests can give reliable estimates of reservoir rock
properties such as :
Capacity (Kh) : For predicting well productivity,

estimating net pay open to flow, correlating with core
data, predicting reservoir stratification and establishing
fracture, stimulation requirements.
Skin(s) : used for estimating well Bore damage and
essential for predicting well productivity and evaluating
stimulation potential and results.
Drawdown (Delta P) : used for defining productivity

index of the well and evaluating well bore conditions.
Production Characteristics: These are needed for
production forecasting, designing well completions and
sizing top side facilities in particular the following data is
needed.
•Inflow Performance Curve or Absolute Flow Potential:

For gas wells essential for production forecasting.
•Tubing Performance Curve: needed to size production
tubing and gathering system.
•Sand Production: Important in designing production and
injection well completions specifically gravel packs.
•Potential Problems: Waxes, sulphur, scaling, corrosion,
and hydrates needed for designing well completions and
facilities.
DATA REQUIREMENT AND DATA GENERATED FROM
WELL TESTS
Most of the data required for evaluation and valuation of
a reservoir would be generated from well tests. The main
data requirement expected from a production test
programme is summarized below with their utility and
relative importance of such data.
FLUIDS
It is of utmost importance to identify and obtain
representative samples of fluid contents of the reservoir
be they oil, gas, condensate or water. These are needed
for geological modeling, predicting fluid contacts,
recovery prediction, and formulation of reservoir
depletion plan, production facility design and PVT
behavior of the reservoir fluids .
RESERVOIR BOUNDARIES AND HETEROGENITIES
Comprehensive well test data sometimes can provide

valuable information about nature and size of the
reservoir being tested. Specific information obtainable
from well tests is fractures, limit of reservoir like pinch
outs, nearby gas cap, nearby faults, nearby aquifer,
stratification and inter-block communication. These are
the areas of uncertainty can usually be estimated by an
extended production testing by investigating for several
days. When there is doubt about the size of the reserves,
extended production testing is the only answer to gain
confidence on the reserves for development decision.
TESTING GUIDELINES
Having been convinced of the importance of the data
generated from well tests, the following guidelines are
given for obtaining the data through various means.
WIRELINE FORMATION TESTING
The repeat formation tester (RFT) is a well tried and

proven testing tool which can provide valuable
information quicker at less time than DST or conventional
production tests. The pressures are very useful in
identifying different reservoirs, depletion levels of the
reservoirs and geological zones.
DRILLSTEM AND SHORT TERM PRODUCTION

TESTING
It is a short term test conducted in a well. These can be

run in open hole under cemented casing under tubing
and permanent packers. Successful well testing in
frontier wells consists of finding the correct balance
between two opposing needs - obtaining maximum
collection of relevant data with minimum amount of
expensive rig and support costs.
FLOW AND BUILD-UP PERIODS
Adequate pretest planning is required for estimating

number and length of flow and build-up periods. If log,
core, wire line formation test or nearby offset well data is
sufficient, flowing and build-up periods can be
specifically specified using fluid flow equation, i.e. by
determining stabilization time. While designing the test
period the following should be kept in mind.
•The time required to eliminate well bore storage effects

for both drawdown and build-up testing.
•The time required for semi-log analysis techniques to be
applicable.
•The time when flow conditions change from transient to
semi-steady-state, expected flow rates under both flow
regimes and radius of investigations at different times.
In the absence of any specifically designed tests, the
following guidelines are suggested.
Initial flow of 15-30 minutes is required to allow

equalization of the filtrate invaded zone back to static
reservoir pressure.
It should be followed by 1.0 to 2.0 hours shut-in to"
obtain reliable estimates of initial reservoir pressure and
temperature gradients should be seen.
Clean up period should continue until the tubing head
pressures and temperatures, gas-oil ratios, water rate
are reasonable stable.
If high drawdown are required to get intended test
rates the choke size should be progressively increased to
safeguard against sand production.
Highly productive zones can be produced at high rates
immediately to obtain high tubing head temperatures to
minimize hydrate formation and to accelerate clean-up.
Clean-up rate should be more than the planned test
rates to facilitate opening up of maximum number of
perforations.
The response of the well to choke sizes should be well
conceived during clean up, so that a suitable choke size
can be chosen before putting the flow through
separators.
Frequent changes of chokes should be avoided which
would make analysis difficult if not useless.
OIL WELL TESTING
•Three flow periods are ideal to maximize reservoir data

if there is time constraint, two rates may be adequate.
•The drawdown to be created should be up to 40% -
50% of reservoir pressure.
•At least four hours of stabilized flow rate should be
adequate to get reliable data.
•If specific information is needed like sand failure,
casing, etc. the drawdown should be higher to know the
sensitivity of drawdown to sand cut.
•If due to operational constraints, the pressure. Build-up
study is not amenable for Horner’s Method, data should
be interpreted by log-log curve matching technique to
get the feel of reservoir properties.
GAS WELL TESTING
•Gas well testing should be essentially multi-rate flow

tests (4 chokes) to obtain reasonable estimates of flow
performance and rate dependent skin effect.
•Flow after flow tests or Back-Pressure tests be
preferred if the reservoir permeability is large.
•Modified isochronal be chosen if permeability is low.
The build-up time should be approximately twice the
cumulative flow time of flow and clean up time.
•If enough details available the time needed for applying
semi-log analysis technique can be applied.
•If possible, the well should be dosed-in down hole to
minimize well bore storage effects.
OBJECTIVE OF WELL TESTING
Well tests are runs for various objectives/ purposes. Properly designed and
implemented well test may provide the data such as –
Reservoir pressure, P
Transmissibility, Kh/µ
Permeability, k
Well bore damage,
Damage ratio
Flow efficiency
Skin effect
Radius of drainage
Reservoir hetrogeneties
Reservoir continuity
Fluid types.
TYPE OF WELL TESTING TECHNIQUES
Broadly well tests may be categorized as :

Production tests
Productivity tests
Pressure transient tests
These three type of tests run in cased holes.
Production Tests
Regularly scheduled production tests measure a well’s production
of oil, gas and water. The consideration is to test the well under its
normal operating conditions and to record all these conditions. Data
obtained should include :
Oil rate, m3 /d.
Water rate, m3 /d.
Gas oil ratio (GOR), m3/m3
Water cut, %
Water sample analysis
Casing and tubing head pressure, Kg/ cm2
Choke size, mm. or inch.
Productivity Tests
The ration of the rate of production, expressed in stock tank barrels per
day, to the pressure drawdown at the midpoint of the producing interval
is called the productivity index ( J ).
q
Productivity Index = -------------------- bbl/ day/ psi
( Ps – Pwf)
the productivity index is a measure of the well potential or ability to

produce. In some wells the productivity index or PI will remain constant
over a wide variation in flow rate such that the flow rate is directly
proportional to the bottom hole pressure drawdown . in other wells , at
higher flow rates the linearity fails, and the productivity index declines.
the cause of this decline may be due to
(a)turbulence at increased rates of flow,

(b)decrease in the permeability to oil due to presence of free gas
caused by the drop in pressure at the well bore,
(c) the increase in oil viscosity with pressure drop below bubble
point, and/or
(d) reduction in permeability due to formation compressibility.
(e)In wells producing water, the productivity index, which is based
on dry oil production, will decline as the water cut increases
because of the decrease in oil permeability, even though there is no
substantial drop in reservoir pressure.
Q
Injectivity Index = I = ---------------- bbl /day /psi
( Pwf – Ps )
It is the ratio of a injection rate in barrels per day to the excess

pressure above reservoir pressure which causes that injection rate
TRANSIENT TEST TECHNIQUES AND ANALYSIS
Any step change in the production rate of a well causes a pressure
disturbance to be propagated radially outward in the formation at a rate
determined by the hydraulic diffusivity, k / Фuc, of the formation and fluid
and is independent of the magnitude of the change causing the
disturbance.
(Propagation of waves in a pond is analogous to propagation of a

pressure wave through formation. )
Well Testing and Reservoir Studies
The main purpose of well testing for Reservoir Engineer is to

get the answer of following two questions :-
A.What is the most efficient way to produce the reservoir?
B. What is the most efficient way and optimum rate to produce

each well in the reservoir.
The answer of these two questions involves the consideration

of two models;
Economical Model.
Reservoir Model.
The Economical Model takes into account of economic

information's such as price of oil and gas, return on investment
etc.
The Reservoir Model is used to predict the physical behavior of

the field in terms of rate of production and fluid recovery for
different operating system including various development
patterns, primary production and secondary or tertiary recovery
processes.
What happens during a well test?
Production changes, carried out during a well test, induce

pressure disturbances in the well-bore and surrounding rock.
These pressure changes extend outwards into the formations and
are affected in various ways by rock features. For example; the
pressure disturbance will find difficulty in entering a tight
reservoir zone but pass unhindered through an area of high
permeability. It may diminish or even vanish on entering a gas
cap.
The curve (in Fig. below ) shown that in the process of production
of a well, a kind of a funnel of depression is formed around it
within which the pressure gradients increase sharply in the
vicinity of the well-bore. It can be easily calculated that a
considerable amount of the total a pressure drop in the reservoir
is spent in the nearby vicinity of well-bore, further away from
curves become much flatter which the well-bore, the pressure
gradient indicates a marked decrease in the filtration rate at
greater distances from the well bore.
What happens during a well test?

BUILD-UP TEST
Pressure build-up testing requires shutting-in of a producing
well. The most common and simplest analysis techniques
require that the well produce at a constant rate, either from
start up or long enough to establish a stabilized pressure
distribution before shut-in. schekaticaqy shows rate and
pressure behavior for an ideal pressure build-up test.
Theory of Build-up Analysis
In an infinite reservoir, if a well has produced at rate q for

time t, the bottom hold flowing pressure Pwf is given by
If we now close in our well for a time t, after producing for

time Tp, we obtain the pressure drop at time t, by the principle
of superposition as;
i.e.
If we express equation in practical oil field units of psi,

B/D, Cp, md and ft, it becomes.
This equation is known as Horner equation.

From log-log plot, well bore storage or skin effect at shut-in
time Less than 0.75hrs are apparent from the plot.
Build up following a large production time.
Wells which have been on stream for a while may be shut-in to

run a test. In this case, the longest build-up time Delta t will be
much smaller than the producing time. For example suppose that
the well has been flowing for a year and is shut-in, the shut-in
pressure being recorded during 72 hrs.
So equation becomes
This simplification of build up interpretation is known as

Miller, Dyes and Hutchision's method and is valid only for
shut-in times much shorter that the producing time.
MDH (Miller - Dyes - Hutchinson) method.
Well Bore Storage:
At the. beginning of a test, pressure behavior is often dominated

by well-bore storage which is due to the fact that sand face rate
is not immediately the same as the well head rate. For instance if
a well is shut-in at the surface, the rate at the sand face will
gradually go to zero due to the Compressibility of fluid in the
bore hole.
When well-bore storage dominates the pressure change (delta

P), is proportional to the elapsed time delta t. As a result a
straight line of unit slope is obtained on a log-log plot. A straight
line is also obtained when the same points are plotted in
Cartesian co-ordinates.
Well Bore Storage:
Remarks :-
(1)Data which are dominated by well-bore storage effects bear

no information at all about reservoir characteristics.
(2) As a rule of thumb, the semi-log straight line starts

approximately 1 1/2 cycles in time after the log-log data plot
starts deviating significantly from the unit slope.
Skin (s).
The skin characterizes the condition of the well, in terms of

damage resulting from drilling or in terms of improvement
resulting from acidizing. These well bore conditions create a
steady state pressure drop in the reservoir (the skin effect)
which occurs in an infinitesimal think zone (the skin) at the
sand face.
A zero infinitesimal skin indicates that the zone around the well
bore has the same characteristics as the formation; that is, it
is neither damaged nor stimulated. Positive skin values
indicate a damaged well. A negative skin is an indication of a
stimulated well. Values for infinitesimal skin may range from -
4 for an acidised well to + 20 for a badly damaged well.
Pseudo Skin:
The performance of a well is affected by various factors.

The well Completion and formation damage play an important
part and do restrict the well-bore. The restrictions to flow can
be caused by
• Partial completion
• Partial penetration.
• Turbulant flow.
• Perforation practice.
The above mentioned factors do not reduce the permeability of

the reservoir, yet they do affect the flow behaviour/productivity
of the well. Hence are called Pseudo Skin., or Pseudo - damage.
Therefore, Skin factor, obtained from transient well-testing
would be
True skin or damage can, be controlled by stimulation

techniques, whereas, the effect of Pseudo damage if not
identified and controlled in the beginning, becomes the part of
the system and becomes very difficult to restrict them.
The total pressure drop, controlling the flow of oil/gas to the
well is given by;
Once Pseudo damage is computed, true skin can be

determined and suitable measure is taken to improve
upon P.I.
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
Reservoir can be clarified in three main types:-

•Homogeneous
•Double porosity.
•Double permeability.
Homogeneous;
Behavior means that there is only' one porous medium,
and that this porous medium produces into the well. It
does not mean that the actual reservoir has
homogeneous properties through out. It essentially
implies that the permeability measured in the cores are
the same permeabilities. The numbers, however, may be
different because of differences in the conditions of the
measurements.
Double porosity:
Means that two homogeneous porous media of distinct

porosities and permeabilities are interacting. They may
be uniformly distributed but only one media can produce
fluid into the well, the other is acting as a source. Double
porosity behavior occurs generally in fissured
reservoirs, in multi layered reservoirs with high
permeability contrast between the layers, and in single-
layered reservoirs with high permeability variation along
the reservoir thickness.
Double permeability:
Refers to two distinct porous media as in double porosity,

but each media can produce into the well separately. An
example of double permeability can be found in multi-
layered reservoirs with low permeability contrast
between the layers. Double porosity and double
permeability appear to be the main possible behaviours in
heterogeneous systems.
Model Identification:
The various component of the interpretation model (inner

boundaries, basic behavior and outer boundaries) are
independent from one another and dominate at different
times during the test. They also exhibit distinctly different
characteristics identify each one separately.
This is best accomplished by log-log analysis. The change

in pressure during the test dP, is plotted versus elapsed
time dt, on a log -log, graph. The log-log scale stresses
characteristic shapes and permits identification of
dominant flow regimes.
Inner Bounderies
There are only four possible inner boundaries in a
reservoir:
1.Well bore storage
2.Skin
3.Fracture
4.Partial penetration.
Well bore storage: When well bore storage dominates,

the pressure change, dP is proportional to the elapsed
time dt.
As a result a straight line of unit slope is obtained on log
log plot. A straight line is also obtained when the same
points are plotted in cartisian co-ordinates. This straight
line passes through the origin
A straight line through the same points not passing

through the origin might indicate inaccuracy‘ in the
evaluation of the initial time or pressure-measurement a
common error even with modern electronic guages.
Two classical plots of the build-up data are possible:
The Horner plot, in which Pws is plotted vs t+ ∆ t/ t, t is the time of

production before shut-in and ∆ t is the time following shut in when
the pressure point being plotted is read off.
The MDH (Miller, Dyes, Hutchinson) method, a plot of Pws vs log t, the
time after shut in.
Both plot as a straight line in the infinite acting period and show
deviations at early time resulting from skin damage and well-bore
storage and boundary effects at long times .
Boundary Conditions and Plot of Pwf vs log t
During early times all pressure transients behave as a single well in

an infinite reservoir. At later times, the effect of surrounding wells,
reservoir boundaries and aquifers are observed in the pressure
behavior
of the well under test. Three different boundary conditions are
considered in the figure below:
Infinite reservoir
Bounded cylindrical reservoir
Constant pressure outer boundary

The pressure at a well producing at a constant rate in an infinite
acting reservoir can be given by
162.6 qµB kt
Pwf = Pi - ------------------ [ log -------- - 3.23 + 0.87 S ]
Kh Ф µctrw2
The semi log straight line should begin about 1 to ½ cycles in time
after the data starts deviating from the unit slope. Alternatively a
rough estimate for the beginning time of semi log straight line can
be made by the equation
200000 + 120000S
t> (------------------------------) C
kh / µ
The value of permeability can be evaluated by the slope of straight

line as
162.6 qµB
K = --------------------
mh
The wellbore damage ie. Skin factor can be estimated from the
relation
Pi – P1hr k
S = 1.151 { ----------------- - log ----------------- + 3.23 }
m Ф µ Ct rw2
TYPES OF PRESSURE BUILD-UP CURVES
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
Methodology:
The well history indicate that well has large production time
and hence the method of Miller-Dyes-Hutchinson method to be
used.
Plot p, vrs on semilog graph paper,
Plot vrs on log log graph paper,
Draw a straight line on semilog graph paper on radial flow

regime pressure data.
calculate slope, P1hr on semilog graph paper.
Find out the well and reservoir related parameters with the
mathematical relations.
EXAMPLE
Calculate the drainage radius and maximum dimensionless

time(∆ tDA) of shut in by the relation
EXAMPLE
Find out ∆ PDMDH by the standard Fig. and the average

Reservoir pressure can be estimated by the relation
Calculations:
Parameters evaluated from semilog graph paper

Slope: 48
P1hr : 1633 Psi / cycle
Calculated Parameters
Permeability :
Well bore damage :
Pressure Drop Due to Skin :

Radius of investigation ( ri in feet) :
Average Pressure :
from the standard graph, for no flow across drainage

boundary
Now from relation
Now using average reservoir pressure FE can be estimated by

Example calculation for Build-up Study when reservoir
is below bubble point
Example calculation for Build-up Study when reservoir
is below bubble point
Example calculation for Pressure Build-up Study when
reservoir is above bubble point
Example calculation for Pressure Build-up Study when
reservoir is above bubble point
Determination of oil and water level in the tubing
Determination of saturation pressure from pressure
data
Determination of Formation Damage or Skin Effect
An estimation of skin may be made by extrapolating the straight line
back to ∆Pws = 1 hour and reaching P1h – Pwf from the plot. The value
is used in the relation below to find S, the dimensionless pressure drop
due to skin effect.
P1h - Pwf k
S = 1.151 ------------------ - log ---------------- + 3.23
m Ф c rw2
Where: S = dimensionless pressure drop due to skin effect

Pwf = bottom hole pressure prior to shut in, Psi
P1h = bottom hole pressure after one hour shut in read from
extrapolated straight line portion of build-up curve, Psi
Rw = well radius, feet
This equation is essentially a comparison between the permeability near
the well bore and the permeability deeper in the formation .
S > 0 - well damaged

S = 0 - unaltered
S < 0 - stimulated
The pressure drop at the wellbore due to skin effect is calculated by:
∆ P = 0.87 X 5 X m in psi
Inflow production relation - IPR
The Inflow production relation shows the relation between well

production rate q, and bottom hole pressure over the entire range of
Pwf from zero to Ps. It is determined by producing the well at several
different rates (including zero) and measuring the corresponding
bottom hole pressures.
The slope ∆q/∆p of the IPR curve is the productive index.
A straight line extrapolation of measured data points to intercept with

the abscissa at Pwf =0 gives the zone open flow potential. This is the
flow rate that could be obtained if 1 atm is applied to the formation
face.
If one were to plot the IPR curve using data point below the reservoir
fluid bubble point, a departure from a straight line would be noted.
The Darcy flow relation is linear only for non-compressible ( liquid)
flow.
WIRELINE SAFETY
Lubricator and Stuffing Box:
The packing nut of stuffing box should not be very loose

as it will start leaking.
Tighten it to the limit that wire needs some pull to go
across it.
Make up all unions completely, and ensure that the ‘O’
rings are not damaged before making up a union.
Needle Valve: Ensure that it is open before installing
lubricator or while removing it.
Never climb or hammer a lubricator when it is under
pressure.
Never stand below the lubricator while rigging up/
down, always clamp the wire.
Open Crown valve slowly till lubricator is pressurized.
All tool string and control devices/ pressure bombs
should be accommodated in the lubricator.
BLOW OUT PREVENTOR (BOP):
Check ram movement before installing. you need to use it for

emergency and a jammed ram then is not desirable.
Install pup-joint on well top adaptor. fit BOP, close ram, crack
open crown valve and check for leakage in pup-joint
connection and across rams.
Always use equalizer valve to equilise across rams. Attempts to
open rams shall damage the ram elements which shall not seal
against pressure later.
WIRELINE WINCH:
Ensure that the reel skid is properly secured before

undertaking a wireline job.
Check the condition of the wire. Corrosion & pitting will

render it weak and may snap while doing the job.
Never get rough trying to engage gears- you may end up

breaking the gear pin or gear.
Keep the reel skid clean & free of rags, hand tools etc.
Ensure that depth meter is working okay.
Don’t leave wireline unit unattended while pulling out or

running in.
Take care of moving parts – it can be dangerous

especially with loose clothings.
Prior to starting the engine check:
Engine Oil
Diesel
Hydraulic Oil
Hose connections are properly made up
After finishing a job ensure that wire or drum is coated with
grease to avoid corrosion.
SETTING UP OF WIRE LINE UNIT
On arrival at the well, the unit should be positioned in the

following manner:
The operator must be able to see the stuffing box and floor block
from wire line unit controls.
If in truck mounted unit, the truck should be braked and

substantial chocks should be placed behind the rear wheels to
prevent movement of unit while in operation.
Once the rope socket is made and lubricator sections are

assembled, string of tools are connected and passed through the
bottom end of the lubricator so that tool top is visible at the
other end of lubricator
WIRELINE WINCHES
Wire line winches generally use the hydraulic circuit
and are packed in two separate sections.
One skid contains wireline reel and controls,
and other section diesel engine, hydraulic pump
and tanks. The hoses with quick couplings connect the two
sections.
To operate the unit proceed as follows:
Place control valve in stop position.
Move reel select lever to the front or rear position as
desired.
Shift 4-speed transmission to desired gear.
Release the brake lever from reel being used.
Control forward or reverse movement of the selected
reel by mean of reel control valve.
Adjust tension on wireline by means of system
pressure knob on panel. This relief valve can be set
at a low pressure and then the wireline can be fed
into the hole which operator maintains the control
valve in “up” position. The control valve works
as an effective brake system and the operator
can slowly increase the system pressure setting as more
wire feeds into the hole.
Adjust engine throttle to suit load conditions.
Slick line units designed and built for all sizes of wire
such as 0.082", 0.092", 0.108" and 3/16" diameters.
Stardy pipe cage with compact and heavy-duty

base skids and suitable lifting eyes.
Line speed available from 2700 ft/min at surface to

1200 ft/min.
at 20,000 ft. Also, line pull available from 2800 lbs at

surface to 5500 lbs at 20,000 ft.
Smooth and reliable hydraulic open and closed loop

system as per customer's choice.
Level wind feature allows the operator to guide

incoming line evenly on the reel.
Pressure compensated hydraulic control to maintain
the drum R.P.M. at varying loads.
Precision RPM control from the operator console.
Pressure compensation feature which ensures that line

speed will remain same regardless of changes in load.
Isolating valve in the suction line for trouble free

maintenance.
Suitable relief valves provided in the hydraulic system

to avoid accident.
Fail safe break to stop the drum automatically in the

event of any failure in the hydraulic system or engine
shut down.
Triplex roller chain drive for smooth transferring of

power to the reel drum.
Single lever system for raising, lowering or stopping in
the well if required. Positive breaking of wireline tool
is effected when the operation lever is in neutral
position.
Lock system to keep drum in steady position for long

time in lowered condition of instrument.
Quick release coupling for easy mounting of hydraulic

hoses.
Dual brake band to act on both sides of the drum

which can be operated by hand or by foot as the
convenience of the operator.
WEIGHT INDICATOR:
Check the gap of the load cell.
Ensure it is securely tied to rigid place with stronger rope.
Check for its working off the indicator before proceeding
with the job.
WIRELINE:
When cutting wire make sure that neither end can fly out.
When leaving wireline string in hole, close BOP,
clamp the wire & put markers on the wire between
well head & winch.
Make sure that there is enough wire on the drum
to reach the total depth of the well.
GENERAL PRACTICES TO BE FOLLOWED:
Write down length, OD & description of the

components of strings prior to running in.
When running in a well for the first time check

string weight frequently.
While scaling X-mas tree your foot hold and hand

holds before going up. Never stand or grasp valve
handles they may turn.
When releasing pressure from lubricator turn head

away and open your mouth to prevent damage to
your ear drums.
Before closing the crown valve after pulling out

ensure that the string is in lubricator.
Count the number of turns to close the valve.
Don’t bleed it from lubricator, it shall spray all

around, check bleeding arrangement lest it may
lead to fire. Prefer a long bleed pipe away from the
rating.
Inform concerned process complex about closure

and opening details.
Advice concerned people for not closing master/

crown valves when bottom hole survey is in
progress
ENGINE LACKS POWER
Check For Oil

______________________________________________________
AIR IN SYSTEM NO AIR IN SYSTEM

(Bleed)
Check Filter
_________________________________________________
FILTER BLOCKED FILTER O.K.

(Change)
Check Lift Pump

_________________________________________________
LIFT PUMP FAULTY LIFT PUMP O.K.

(Rectify)
Check Injectors
___________________________________________________
INJECTOR(S) FAULTY INJECTORS O.K.
________________________
INCORRECT CALIBRATION
OR
WRONG FUEL
Tool trap is placed between well head adopter and
B.O.P. It prevent the tool loss during any snapping
of the wire line in the lubricator during pulling out
process
LOAD CELL: The load cell senses the weight of the
"pull" which includes the combined weight of the
suspended Wireline in the well, the tool string and the
"drag". These can be used with UNITED 's Gauges and
measuring meters.
WEIGHT INDICATORS:
During wire line jobs, it is necessary to load the measuring
line to its maximum safe load.
Indicates weights of the tools and wire in the hole until fluid
level is passed when there will be slight lessening of weight
and also a definite reduction in velocity.
Fluid level in tubing can be ascertained.
Complete loss in the weight indicate the following:
Parted wire
Indicator failure
Running into an obstruction in tubing.
FLOOR BLOCK or HAY PULLEYS :
Floor block is necessary to bring the measuring line down to
a position where it may be handled with ease (Horizontal)
from the tree to the wire line unit as well as bringing the
point of pull from the top of lubricator to the base of the
lubricator.
MEASURING DEVICE:
One of the very important wire line accessories that is always
used when performing any type of wire line work is the
measuring device. The reasons for its importance is that
operator must know the location of his tool with relation to
the well head. The lubrication of the tool as it approaches the
well head when being pulled out is of utmost importance so
that operator can slow down its speed and bring it to a stop
before running into well head stuffing box, possibly breaking
the measuring line, resulting into a fishing job and perhaps
damage the down hole equipment.
WELL HEAD ADOPTER
Well head adopter is placed over the X-mas tree by removing
of the bull plug. Lower end is compatible with flange of the
tree & threaded portion facilitate the connection of B.O.P. or
lubricator by hand union connection.

Well Testing

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Well Testing

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WHAT ARE WELL TEST?

Well test may be categorized as transient test, productivity test and

The aim of well testing is to get information about a well and

Once the presence of hydrocarbon-bearing-formation is

What is the volume of hydrocarbon in the reservoir system?

At what rate the available hydrocarbon fluid should be

How much of the fluid can be recovered

•Interwell flow capacity of a reservoir

•static well pressure

•Extent of well damage

•Distance to nearest boundary

•Detecting heterogeneity with in the pay zone.

Answer to the questions and information of reservoir

One most popular connotation in terms of the type and

The second connotation of well testing, as seen mainly

RESERVOIR ROCK PROPERTIES

Capacity (Kh) : For predicting well productivity,

Drawdown (Delta P) : used for defining productivity

•Inflow Performance Curve or Absolute Flow Potential:

Comprehensive well test data sometimes can provide

The repeat formation tester (RFT) is a well tried and

DRILLSTEM AND SHORT TERM PRODUCTION

It is a short term test conducted in a well. These can be

Adequate pretest planning is required for estimating

•The time required to eliminate well bore storage effects

Initial flow of 15-30 minutes is required to allow

•Three flow periods are ideal to maximize reservoir data

•Gas well testing should be essentially multi-rate flow

Broadly well tests may be categorized as :

the productivity index is a measure of the well potential or ability to

(a)turbulence at increased rates of flow,

It is the ratio of a injection rate in barrels per day to the excess

(Propagation of waves in a pond is analogous to propagation of a

The main purpose of well testing for Reservoir Engineer is to

A.What is the most efficient way to produce the reservoir?

B. What is the most efficient way and optimum rate to produce

The answer of these two questions involves the consideration

The Economical Model takes into account of economic

The Reservoir Model is used to predict the physical behavior of

Production changes, carried out during a well test, induce

What happens during a well test?

Theory of Build-up Analysis

In an infinite reservoir, if a well has produced at rate q for

If we now close in our well for a time t, after producing for

If we express equation in practical oil field units of psi,

This equation is known as Horner equation.

Wells which have been on stream for a while may be shut-in to

This simplification of build up interpretation is known as

Well Bore Storage:

At the. beginning of a test, pressure behavior is often dominated

When well-bore storage dominates the pressure change (delta

Well Bore Storage:

(1)Data which are dominated by well-bore storage effects bear

(2) As a rule of thumb, the semi-log straight line starts

The skin characterizes the condition of the well, in terms of

The performance of a well is affected by various factors.

The above mentioned factors do not reduce the permeability of

True skin or damage can, be controlled by stimulation

Once Pseudo damage is computed, true skin can be

Reservoir can be clarified in three main types:-

Means that two homogeneous porous media of distinct

Refers to two distinct porous media as in double porosity,

The various component of the interpretation model (inner

This is best accomplished by log-log analysis. The change