Reactive Flow in Carbonate Matrix Acidizing

Prof. Pedro Tupã Pandava Aum (UFPA)

pedroaum@ufpa.br
Agenda
➢ LCPetro
➢ Carbonate Acidizing Introduction
➢ Well performance and skin
➢ Types of Acid Treatments
➢ Reactions of HCl and Mass transport
➢ PVBt concept
➢ Carbonate Acidizing – Lab Experiments
➢ Coreflooding Experiments
➢ Mass transfer parameters experimental determination
➢ Carbonate Acidizing – Lab Simulation
➢ Numerical Simulation – Plug Scale
➢ Numerical Simulation – Field Scale
➢ Operational aspects
 Pedro Tupã Pandava Aum
• Graduação em Engenharia Química (UFRN) 2004 – 2008
• Mestrado (2012) e Dout. (2016) Em Ciência e Engenharia de Petróleo (UFRN)
• Baker Hughes 2008 - 2017
– Engenheiro de campo, fluidos de perfuração
– Coordenador de operações
– Gerente de base
– Leader de Operações / Contratos
• Universidade Federal do Pará – 2017 - Atual
– Criação do Laboratório de ciência e engenharia de petróleo.
– Atuação na pós-graduação:
• Engenharia Química UFRN (colaborador)
• Engenharia Química UFPA (permanente)
• Geofísica (permanente)
Petroleum Science and Engineering Lab Our Team
Team
• 2 Professors
• 1 Pós-Doc
Graduate Students
• 1 PhD (Geophysics)
• 2 Master (Geoscience)
• 4 Master (Chemical Engineering)
• 1 Master (Computational Math)
Prof. Pedro Aum Prof. Cláudio Lucas Dr. Daniel Nobre Undergraduated Students
• 11 Petroleum Engineering
• 2 Physicists
Introdução
Literatura importante!
 Carbonates

Carbonate around The World. Adapted of (Carbonate Reservoirs, Schlumberguer 2007)

 Pre-Salt Carbonate Reservoirs

Barra Velha
formation

Itapema
formation
102.000 km²
352.000 km²

Rifte
Rifte Pós-Rifte
Pós-Rifte Drifte
Pre-Salt Carbonate Reservoirs

Barra Velha

ITAPEMA
 Pre-Salt Carbonates - Facies Classification
Itapema - Coquinas (Barr/Aptian)
The Itapema formation is essentially
Coquinas (Barr/Aptian)
formed by coquinas, with a high degree
– Shelly limestones
of dolomitization. Coquina is a biogenic
– Non-Marine (Lacustrine)
or bioclastic sedimentary rock formed
– Sometimes very thick
through the accumulation of cemented
(+100m).
shells.

Barra Velha - Microbialities (Aptian)

The Barra Velha formation is composed
Microbialities (Aptian)
of microbialitic carbonates, originating
– Stromatolites, Shrubs,
from stromatolites, which are rocky
Spherulites
structures, formed by microbial activity
– Microbial Influence
in lacustrine environments. This type of
– Debate about degree of
structure also promotes a high degree of
chemical vs biogenic.
heterogeneity in the rock matrix.
Carbonates Heterogeneities

Franco Field
Core
Introdução
Motivação
Carbonate Acidizing - Introduction
Carbonate Acidizing - Introduction

Carbonate (coquina)
Carbonate Acidizing – Well performance and skin
Carbonate Acidizing – Well performance and skin

𝑘𝐻 ℎ
𝐼𝑃 =
𝑟𝑒
19𝐵𝜇 l n 𝑟 + 𝒔
𝑤
Carbonate Acidizing – Well performance and skin

Skin vs. Well Productivity

Damage Skin >0 Skin <0 Production

Enhancement!
Productivity loss!! Well Stimulation!!

𝑘𝑘𝐻𝐻ℎℎ
𝐼𝑃 =
𝐼𝑃 =
𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒
19𝐵𝜇 llnn
19𝐵𝜇 +𝒔𝒔
+
𝑟𝑟𝑤𝑤
Carbonate Acidizing – Well performance and skin
Carbonate Acidizing – Types of Acid Treatments
Carbonate Acidizing – Types of Acid Treatments

CAENN, Ryen; DARLEY, Henry CH; GRAY,

George R. Composition and properties of
drilling and completion fluids. Gulf Fig. Poststimulation skin data from 654 matrix-acidized carbonate well
professional publishing, 2011.
Carbonate Acidizing – Well performance and skin

Fig. Plot of productivity ratio versus depth of stimulated or damage zone as measured from the sand face. Skin values corresponding to the
productivity ratio are shown on the right.
Carbonate Acidizing – Acid Frac

Zhao, X., Jin, F., Zhou, L., Wang, Q., & Pu, X. (2018). Re-exploration Programs for
Petroleum-rich Sags in Rift Basins. Gulf Professional Publishing.
Carbonate Acidizing – Matrix Stimulation

Adpted from: DONG, Kai.

Experimental Investigation
For the Effect of the Core
Length On the Optimum
Acid Flux in Carbonate
Acidizing. 2012. Tese de
Doutorado. Texas A & M
University.
Carbonate Acidizing – Reactions of HCl and Mass transport
Carbonate Acidizing – Reactions of HCl and Mass transport
Factors that influence the wormhole
formation
• Temperature;
• Pressure;
• Acid Type;
• Acid Concentration;
• Flow Velocity in Porous Medium;
• Surface area/volume ratio;
• Characteristic and composition of
the porous medium.

Referência: Lucas, C.R.d.S.; Aum, Y.K.P.G.; Araújo, E.d.A.; Castro

Dantas, T.N.d.; Araújo, E.A.; Sousa, T.N.; Aum, P.T.P. Investigating
the Fluid–Solid Interaction of Acid Nonionic Nanoemulsion with
Carbonate Porous Media. Molecules 2020, 25, 1475.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061475
Carbonate Acidizing – PVBt concept

Christopher N. Fredd, Mark L. Hoefner and H. Scott Fogler (May 24th 2017).
Ali, Mahmoud, and Murtaza Ziauddin. "Carbonate acidizing: A mechanistic
Microemulsion Applications in Carbonate Reservoir Stimulation, Properties and Uses
model for wormhole growth in linear and radial flow." Journal of Petroleum
of Microemulsions, Desiree Nedra Karunaratne, Geethi Pamunuwa and Udayana
Science and Engineering 186 (2020): 106776.
Ranatunga, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/65973.
Agenda
➢ LCPetro
➢ Carbonate Acidizing Introduction
➢ Well performance and skin
➢ Types of Acid Treatments
➢ Reactions of HCl and Mass transport
➢ PVBt concept
➢ Carbonate Acidizing – Lab Experiments
➢ Coreflooding Experiments
➢ Mass transfer parameters experimental determination
➢ Carbonate Acidizing – Lab Simulation
➢ Numerical Simulation – Plug Scale
➢ Numerical Simulation – Field Scale
➢ Operational aspects
Carbonate Acidizing – Lab Experiments

• Petrophysical characterization of
rock samples
• Fluid Characterization
• Axial Flow Experiments
• imaging
• Mass transfer parameters
• Numerical Simulation
Carbonate Acidizing – Lab Experiments
Mono-core

dos Santos Lucas, C. R., Aum, Y. K. P. G., de Andrade Araújo, E., de Castro Dantas, T. N., Araújo, E. A., Sousa, T. N., &
Aum, P. T. P. (2020). Investigating the fluid–solid interaction of acid nonionic nanoemulsion with carbonate porous
media. Molecules, 25(6), 1475.
Carbonate Acidizing – PVBt concept
Carbonate Acidizing – PVBt concept IL043
Q = 5 ml/min
Carbonates Heterogeneities

Low equity
between high
and low
permeability
Carbonate Acidizing – Dual core experiments

Ghommem, M., Zhao, W., Dyer, S., Qiu, X., & Brady, D. (2015). Carbonate
Aum, P. T. P. (2016). Novos sistemas microemulsionados acidizing: Modeling, analysis, and characterization of wormhole formation
para aplicação na estimulação de carbonatos. and propagation. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 131, 18-33.
Carbonate Acidizing – Dual core experiments Al-Ghamdi, A. H.,
Mahmoud, M. A., Hill, A. D.,
& Nasr-El-Din, H. A. (2010,
February). When do
surfactant-based acids work
as diverting agents?.
In SPE International
Symposium and Exhibition
on Formation Damage
Control. OnePetro.
Carbonate Acidizing – Mass transfer parameters

How to obtain
D
kr e D?
kr

2HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + H2O+ CO2

Carbonate Acidizing – Mass transfer parameters

J A = − DAB C A
1 dC A
rA =
(1 −  ) Ac dt

Elsayed, M., Mahmoud, M., El-Husseiny, A., Kamal, M. S., & Al-
Garadi, K. (2019). A New Method To Evaluate Reaction
Kinetics of Acids with Carbonate Rocks Using NMR Diffusion
Measurements. Energy & Fuels, 34(1), 787-797.
Acidificação de poços – Laboratório de Acidificação
Imageamento de meios porosos

Como fazer para

identificar os padrões
formados no fluxo
reativo?
Acidificação de poços – Laboratório de Acidificação
Imageamento de meios porosos
Acidificação de poços – Laboratório de Acidificação
Imageamento de meios porosos - RMN

https://wpm-lear.weebly.com/
Acidificação de poços – Laboratório de Acidificação
Imageamento de meios porosos - RMN

Trevizan, W. A. Nuclear magnetic resonance and digital rock in oil industry: well
logging applications (Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo).
Acidificação de poços – Laboratório de Acidificação
Imageamento de meios porosos - RMN

https://lcpetroufpa.weebly.com/
https://wpm-lear.weebly.com/
Acidificação de poços – Laboratório de Acidificação
Imageamento de meios porosos
• Microtomografia de raios-X
Equipment - MicroCT

BLUNT, Martin J. Multiphase flow in permeable media: A pore-scale perspective. Cambridge

University Press, 2017.
Acidificação de poços – Laboratório de Acidificação
Imageamento de meios porosos
• Microtomografia de raios-X

https://www.todaysmedicaldevelopments.com/article/ct-scanner-industrial-jobs-manufacturing-aerospace-
energy-automotive-medical-042516/
Acidificação de poços – Laboratório de Acidificação
Imageamento de meios porosos
• Microtomografia de raios-X
 Carbonates Heterogeneities
Before acidizing

After
Reactive Flow

After acidizing
 Carbonates Heterogeneities
Before acidizing

After acidizing
Vugular structures in Indiana Limestones afecting the reactive flow.
Agenda
➢ LCPetro
➢ Carbonate Acidizing Introduction
➢ Well performance and skin
➢ Types of Acid Treatments
➢ Reactions of HCl and Mass transport
➢ PVBt concept
➢ Carbonate Acidizing – Lab Experiments
➢ Coreflooding Experiments
➢ Mass transfer parameters experimental determination
➢ Carbonate Acidizing – Lab Simulation
➢ Numerical Simulation – Plug Scale
➢ Numerical Simulation – Field Scale
➢ Operational aspects
Carbonate Acidizing – Numerical Simulation – Plug Scale De Oliveira, T. J. L., De Melo, A.
R., Oliveira, J. A. A., & Pereira,
A. Z. (2012, January). Numerical
Model: simulation of the acidizing
process and PVBT extraction
Porous medium, single-phase, multi-component, laminar, isothermal; methodology
porosity/permeability
including
and
mineralogy heterogeneity. In
Equations → Continuity, Momentum, Acid Transport and Porosity Variation: SPE International Symposium
and Exhibition on Formation
Damage Control. Society of
Petroleum Engineers.
Carbonate Acidizing – Numerical Simulation – Plug Scale
Acidificação de poços – Simulação do fluxo reativo em meios porosos
Simulações – escala plugue

Liu, P., Couples, G. D., Yao, J., Huang, Z., Song, W., & Ma, J. (2018). A general method for
simulating reactive dissolution in carbonate rocks with arbitrary geometry. Computational
Geosciences, 22(5), 1187-1201.
Acidificação de poços – Simulação do fluxo reativo em meios porosos
Simulações – escala plugue

De Oliveira, T. J. L., De Melo, A. R., Oliveira, J. A. A., & Pereira, A. Z. (2012, January). Numerical
simulation of the acidizing process and PVBT extraction methodology including
porosity/permeability and mineralogy heterogeneity. In SPE International Symposium and
Exhibition on Formation Damage Control. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Acidificação de poços – Simulação do fluxo reativo em meios porosos
Simulações – escala plugue Comparison of (a) the wormhole structures simulated using the presented model with
and (b) the experimental observation.

Liu, P., Ren, X., Kong, L., & Yao, J. (2020). Three-dimensional simulation of acidizing
process in carbonate rocks using the Darcy–Forchheimer framework. Oil & Gas Science
and Technology–Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles, 75, 48.
Acidificação de poços – Simulação do fluxo reativo em meios porosos
Simulações – escala poro

HaghaniGalougahi, M. (2021). Pore-Scale Simulation of Calcite Matrix Acidizing with

Hydrochloric Acid. SPE Journal, 26(02), 653-666.
Acidificação de poços – Simulação do fluxo reativo em meios porosos
Simulações vs. Experimentos

Maheshwari, P., Gharbi, O., Thirion, A., Ali, N. S., Peyrony, V., Aubry, E., ... & Benquet, J
C. (2016, September). Development of a Reactive Transport Simulator for Carbonates
Acid Stimulation. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of
Petroleum Engineers.
Carbonate Acidizing – Numerical Simulation – Field Scale
Simulation – Reactive Flow
Simulation – Reactive Flow
Simulation - Reservoir Scale
Carbonate Acidizing – Numerical Simulation – Field Scale
Carbonate Acidizing – Numerical Simulation – Field Scale
Skin
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
800,00
5625 Well F - no-treatment
Well F - Treat.1
Well F - Treat.2 700,00

ΔNPV 10 years (Max. NPV - No treatment )

Well F - Treat.4

5650
600,00
y = -112,7ln(x) + 1292,6
5675 R² = 0,6222
500,00

(R$ MM)
5700
400,00

5725
300,00
TVD (m)

5750
200,00

5775
100,00

5800
0,00

5825
-100,00

5850
-200,00
1.000,00 10.000,00 100.000,00 1.000.000,00
5875
k.h (mD.m)
Agenda
➢ LCPetro
➢ Carbonate Acidizing Introduction
➢ Well performance and skin
➢ Types of Acid Treatments
➢ Reactions of HCl and Mass transport
➢ PVBt concept
➢ Carbonate Acidizing – Lab Experiments
➢ Coreflooding Experiments
➢ Mass transfer parameters experimental determination
➢ Carbonate Acidizing – Lab Simulation
➢ Numerical Simulation – Plug Scale
➢ Numerical Simulation – Field Scale
➢ Operational aspects
Acidificação de poços – Operação de estimulação de poços
Navios de estimulação

https://www.seanews.com.tr/baker-hughes-to-bring-new-pressure-pumping-vessel-to-north-sea-in-2013/75975/
Acidificação de poços – Operação de estimulação de poços
Navios de estimulação

https://www.marinetraffic.com/pt/ais/details/ships/shipid:455504/mmsi:369050000/imo:92749
91/vessel:STIM_STAR_III
Acidificação de poços – Operação de estimulação de poços
Navios de estimulação

https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/blue-tarpon-well-stimulation-vessel/
https://www.bakerhughes.com/integrated-well-services/integrated-well-
construction/production/sand-control/sand-control-pumping-services/offshore-
vessels-and-modular-equipment-systems/blue-orca-stimulation-vessel
Acidificação de poços – Operação de estimulação de poços
Conexão barco-plataforma

Ref. Vargas, G. G., Andrade, R. M., Loureiro, B. V., & Soares, E. J. (2020). Rheological properties of a cross-linked gel based on guar gum for hydraulic fracture of oil
wells. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 42(10), 1-10.
Acidificação de poços – Operação de estimulação de poços
Navios de estimulação – principais componentes

https://www.katt-gmbh.com/spm-oil-and-gas-distributor/

http://www.stimwellservices.com/island-patriot
Acidificação de poços – Operação de estimulação de poços
Navios de estimulação – principais componentes

https://www.slb.com/-/media/files/stimulation/brochure/deepstim-brochure
Acidificação de poços – Operação de estimulação de poços
Navios de estimulação – principais componentes

https://www.offshore-mag.com/home/article/16804704/nextgeneration-stimulation-
vessels-meet-todays-performance-demands
Acidificação de poços – Operação de estimulação de poços
Navios de estimulação – Sala de controle

https://www.slb.com/completions/stimulation/frac-and-flowback-
https://www.winsted.com/blue-tarpon/
equipment/bigorange-xviii-well-stimulation-vessel
Carbonate Acidizing – Future Challenges

- Melhor entendimento sobre interação com CO2;

- Impacto da Heterogeneidade no Fluxo Reativo;

- Desenvolver modelos em escala de campo;

- Desenvolver um modelos acoplados para avaliar o impacto da acidificação;

- Entender como as interações rocha-fluido afetam o processo de fluxo reativo.

Reactive Flow in Carbonate Matrix Acidizing

Prof. Pedro Tupã Pandava Aum (UFPA)

pedroaum@ufpa.br