Units 7 & 8 –

Focus on Cult 2
Grammar and use
of the language
Introduction
• Verbs of perception
• Modal verbs of deduction
• Giving Advice (present and past tenses)

• Reciprocal and reflexive • Emphasis’ expressions

pronouns
 Part 1 –
Verbs of
perception
Expressing emotions or feelings is possible by using verbs of perception, generally followed
by an adjective:

- I look so tired on this pic!

- She sounded angry on the phone!

- Trash smells awful!

- This soup tastes spicy!

- This coat feels soft

Remember: generally it is even used the verb to seem

(sembrare). The Italian equivalent ‘assomigliare’ is formed
using a verb of perception followed by ‘like’ + noun or
pronoun  You really look like your brother!
Part 2 –
Giving
ADVICE

Part 3 – reciprocal
and reflexive
pronouns
To express reciprocity the pronouns
‘each other’ and ‘one another’ are
mostly used:
- Each other is used for the interaction
of two people:
Jean and Sarah wanted to talk to each
other before making a decision
- One another is used for the
interaction of three or more people:
My friends and I chatted to one another
when I was abroad
Reflexive pronouns are mostly used:
• when the action reflects on the subject (the
subject and the object of the action both
coincide);
• to highlight how an action is performed by
the subject.
With body parts and clothing, the possessive
adjective is used instead of the reflexive
pronoun.
The verb enjoy can be used with a reflexive
pronoun (ita: divertirsi) or followed by an
object complement (and becomes synonymous
of the verb like).
There is not always a correspondence between
reflexive verbs in Italian and English. In
English, the use of the Italian reflexive pronoun
is expressed with the construct get + adjective
(get married or get dark)
 Now it’s your turn!

Exercises on pages 172-175 numbers 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17

Not compulsory: 12; 18

Part 4 – Modal verbs
of deduction( (present
tense)

A long trip to Japan must cost lots of

 When a deduction is based money!

on real facts, the modal He is so talented. He must be an artist!

verb ‘must’ is used.

 Deductions are possibilities
and in the case of a
negative form, the correct
He looks so young. He can’t be in his
60s.
This smartphone isn’t good enough. It
can’t cost more than 250 €

verb is not mustn't but

can't to express its
 Part 4 – Modal verbs
of deduction( (present
tense)

Subjective deductions,
possibilities and suppositions
referring to the present are
expressed with the verbs:
 May (not): I know  Might (not): He  Could (not): I
they’re not our might not have a guess I could
friends, but they sister, but that girl take my chance
may come with us over there looks a this time
lot like him.
 The following modal
verbs (followed by have
+ past participle) are
used to formulate
deductions and
Part 4 – Modal
verbs of
suppositions concerning
deduction( (past • the
Mustpast:
 90% possible: She
tense)
surely must have bought it on
the web
• Can’t  impossibility: I can’t
have even expected a low grade
like that!
• May (not), Might (not), Could
 Part 5 –
Emphasis’
expressions the relation between people or things:
1. Emphasising

• Both + noun: Both students are very good

• Neither + noun: Neither shop is very expensive
• Either + noun: We can go to either film, that’s fine.

• Followed by ‘of’ with a demonstrative or possessive:

Stop it! The both of you! Neither of students passed the exam!

• And, nor, or, can be used as linkers:

Both Sasha and Marta like sushi Neither Alessia nor Antonio enjoyed the party last night

2. Emphasising a discourse through adjective or a noun:

• So for adjectives and adverbs: I didn’t like Macbeth on theatre: it was so slowly
represented!

• Such followed by nouns: It was such a boring lesson!

 Now it’s your turn!

Exercises on pages 191-193 numbers 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 17; 18; 20

Not compulsory: 16; 21

 THE END
Thanks for your attention!