Chapter 1 Light and Lighting Fundamentals

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO
KIDAPAWAN CITY CAMPUS

Sudapin, Kidapawan City
Chapter 1
Light and Lighting Fundamentals
Reston, Niño Marvin A., REE, RME

College of Engineering
CHAPTER 1
LIGHT AND LIGHTING

FUNDAMENTALS
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INTRODUCTION
LIGHT
is a form of radiant energy from natural sources
natural sources, e.g. the sun and stars
artificial sources, e.g. candle and electric lamps
It travels in the form of an electromagnetic wave, so it has wavelength

and a known speed. Like other electromagnetic radiation, it can be
reflected and refracted.
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1.1 Light
1.1.1Radiant Energy, Light and Color
Radiant Energy, Light and Color.

– Light is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the
eye responds.
– This visible energy is a small part of the total spectrum, which ranges
from cosmic rays with extremely short wavelength (1 x 10-14 meter) to
electric power frequencies with wavelength in hundred kilometers.
– The visible portion lies between 380 and 770 nanometers (a unit of
wavelength equal to 1 x 10-9 meter or one- billionth of a meter).
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1.1 Light
 The color of light is determined by its wavelength.
 Visible energy with the shortest wavelengths (380 to 450 nm) produces
the sensation of violet and those with longest wavelengths (630 to 770
nm) produce sensation of red.
• In between light blue (450 to 490 nm),

• green (490 to 560 nm),
• yellow (560 to 590 nm),
• and orange (590 to 630 nm).
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1.1 Light
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1.1 Light
Radiant Energy, Light and Color
• Infrared
-The region with slightly longer wavelengths immediately
adjacent to the red end of the visible spectrum
• Ultraviolet
-and the region with slightly shorter wavelengths immediately
adjacent to the violet end of the visible spectrum
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1.1 Light
 The human visual system responds to the very small part of the
electromagnetic spectrum that lies between 380 and 760 nanometers.
 The visual system will sense the yellow-green region as the brightest
and the red and blue region as the darkest.
 This is why the light source, which has most of its power in the yellow-
green area, will have the highest visual efficiency, i.e., the highest
lumens per watt
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1.1 Light
 Lights and pigments mix differently to form colors.
 The primary colors of light (red, green, and blue) can be added to
produce the secondary colors of light
• magenta (red plus blue),
• cyan (green plus blue),
• yellow (red plus green).
 Thus, colors of light are called “additive”. A secondary color of light

mixed in the right proportions with its opposite primary will produce
white light. Thus, yellow and blue are complimentary colors of light as
cyan and red, and magenta and green. 9
1.1 Light
 In pigments;
 Primary color
• defined as one that subtracts or absorbs a primary color of light and
reflects or transmits the other two.
• So the primary colors in pigments (sometimes called subtractive
primaries) are magenta, cyan, and yellow – the secondary
colors of light.
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1.2 Additive Mixing (Light)
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1.1.2The Eye and Vision…
A. The Eye

–The rays of light enter the eye through the Cornea
–They then pass through the Pupil, which is a round
opening in the colored Iris
–The eye reduces the size of this opening to limit the
rays of light to the central and optically best part of the
Lens,
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• Accommodation
- Muscles around the lens make it fatter or thinner so the eye
can focus sharply on distant or close objects.
• Retina
– is to receive light that the lens has focused, convert the light
into neural signals, and send these signals on to the brain for
visual recognition.
– retina has two basic types of receptors—Rods and Cones for
collecting this information
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1.1.2The Eye and Vision …
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• Optical Nerve
- is a paired nerve that transmits visual information from
the retina to the brain.
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B. Vision
• Photopic
-The cones operate during the day and nominal daylight
conditions, and enable us to see in detailed color. This is
known as daytime Adaptions.
- the eye has peak sensitivity at 555 nanometers, which is
yellow-green color.
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• Mesopic vision.
-The eye is using a mixture of cones and rods to see.
- If light conditions are not bright, as the rods can only "see" a black and
white image, the overall impression is much less brightly colored
• Scotopic
- The eye losses all its facility to see in color and the rods take over giving
completely black and white vision, or nighttime Adaptions.
- peak sensitivity moves to 505 nanometers, which is blue-green light
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1.2.1 Lighting Terminologies Introduction
Lighting Terminologies Introduction

– A basic understanding of lighting fundamentals is essential for
specifiers and decision makers who make decisions about lighting
design, installation and upgrades.
– For more detailed terminology used in the lighting industry please
refer to the glossary at the end of this manual.
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1.2.1.1 Lighting Concepts and Units…
(a) Luminous Flux (Φ).
• All the radiated power emitted by a light source and perceived by the
eye is called luminous flux (Φ) commonly called light output. Unit of
measurement is lumen (lm)
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 (b) Luminous Intensity (I).
• Generally speaking, a light source emits its luminous flux (Φ) in different
directions and at different intensities.
• The visible radiant intensity in a particular direction is called luminous
intensity (I).
• The unit of measurement is the candela (cd).
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(c) Illuminance (E).
• is a measure of the amount of light falling on a surface.
• The distance of the light source from the area being illuminated
influences it.
• An illuminance of 1 lux occurs when a luminous flux of 1 lumen is evenly
distributed over an area of 1 square meter. Unit of measurement is lux
(lx).
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(d) Luminance (L).
• the brightness of an illuminated or luminous surface as perceived by
the human eye. Unit of measurement is candelas per square meter
(cd/m2).
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1.2.1.1 Lighting Concepts and Units
(e) Luminous Efficacy (η)
• indicates the efficiency with which the electrical power consumed is
converted into light.
 unit of measurement is lumens per watt (lm/W).
 (f) Luminaire Efficiency.
• (also known as the light output ratio)
• is an important criterion in gauging the energy efficiency of a luminaire.
• This is the ratio between the luminous flux emitted by the luminaire and
the luminous flux of the lamp (or lamps) installed in the luminaire.
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1.2.2 LAWS FOR POINT SOUCRES OF LIGHT…
The Inverse Square Law and the Cosine Law of Incidence are
used to calculate the illuminance at a single point in a plane.
(a) Inverse Square Law
(b) Cosine Law of Incidence
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Inverse Square Law …
It is one of the earliest lighting laws to enable the calculation
of illuminance and it was established in the mid-18th century by
J.H. Lambert. To understand this law, consider a cone-shaped
beam of light coming from a small point source and hitting a
surface some distance away.
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Suppose that the luminous flux within the cone is one lumen,
and that it strikes a surface 1-meter away, producing an
illuminated area of 1 square meter. By dividing the luminous flux
by the area we can find the illuminance, which will be 1 lux.
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The area has increased in proportion to the square of the
distance from the light source, and the illuminance has changed
inversely with the square of the distance. All of this is
encompassed by the inverse square law, which states that the
illuminance “E” equals “I”, the intensity of the light source,
divided by the “d“ distance squared.
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The Luminous Intensity is a measure of how much flux is
emitted within a small conical angle in the direction of the
surface and its unit is the Candela. If a source emits the same
luminous flux in all directions, then the luminous intensity is the
same in all directions. For most sources, however, the flux
emitted in each direction is not the same.
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For example, in Figure 1.8, the luminous intensity of a
spotlight varies with angle. It may have a maximum value of 1000
candelas at the center of the beam. If this spotlight is aimed
directly downwards onto the floor 2 meters below [see Figure
1.8(a)], the illuminance will be:
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Inverse Square Law
However, if the spotlight is angled [see Figure 1-8(b)] so that
the luminous intensity directed downwards is 100 candelas, the
illuminance will now be:
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Cosine Law of Incidence …
If the surface is turned so that the rays hit it at an angle, the
illuminated area will increase in size and the illuminance will
drop accordingly. The ratio of the original illuminated area to the
new area is equal to the cosine of the angle through which the
surface has been moved. Therefore the illuminance will fall by
the factor of the cosine of angle. This is where Lamberts Second
Law comes in, the Cosine Law of illuminance.
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This cosine law can be combined into one equation with the
inverse square law.
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Returning to the angled spotlight mentioned earlier, if it is 3
meters above the floor, aiming at a point 3 meters away then its
intensity in this direction is 1000 candelas. The distance from the
point of illumination to the spotlight is calculated using
Pythagorean Theorem and is computed
to be 4.24 meters. The light is striking
the floor at the angle of 45 degrees…
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Cosine Law of Incidence
so using the combined Inverse Square and cosine law
equation, we can calculate the illuminance.
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1.2.2 LAWS FOR POINT SOUCRES OF LIGHT
Lighting Terminologies and Basic Units
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1.2.3 SOURCES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT…
Our prehistoric ancestors burned wood to provide themselves
with heat and light. The glowing flame enabled people to live in
caves where the rays of the sun never penetrated. The light of
the campfire, the pine torch, and oil and tallow lamps made a
decisive change in the way of life of prehistoric man. Since then,
chronologically, oil lamps, candles, gas lighting, and electric
lamps have been used for lighting.
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Types of Modern Artificial Light Sources
Electric light sources are probably the most commonly used
electrical equipment. The primary purpose of the electrical light
source is to convert electrical energy into light energy.
Commercial, industrial, residential, institutional and other
facilities use different light sources. Selecting the appropriate
source depends on installation requirements, life-cycle cost,
color qualities, dimming capability, and other required effects.
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Commonly Used Types of Lamps
• Incandescent Lamps - produce light by the passage of an
electric current through a filament, which heats it to
incandescence (e.g. general service, reflectorized, and
tungsten-halogen).
• Electric discharge lamps - produce light by the passage of an
electric current through a vapor or gas, initiating the discharge
to fluoresce.
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Color Characteristics of Artificial Light Sources…
White light is luminous energy containing a mixture of
wavelengths that are perceived as color when the eye transforms
the energy into a signal for the brain. This mixture determines
whether an environment will appear warm or cool and how well
people and furnishings will look.
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a) Color and Efficiency. The efficacy of lamp refers to the
number of lumens leaving the lamp compared to the number
Efficiency or efficacy is expressed in lumens per watt. Sources
with higher efficacy require less electrical energy to light a
space or area. Thus, for the most efficient lighting, designers
should seek the highest efficacy possible for the type of
system desired.
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b) Color Rendering. The general expression for the effect of the
light source on the color appearance of objects in conscious or
subconscious comparison with their color appearance under a
reference light source.
c) Color Rendering Index (CRI). The CRI uses filament light as a
base for 100 and the warm white fluorescent for 50. The higher
the number, the better the color rendering or color appearance.
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1.2.3 SOURCES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
d) Color Temperature (Chromaticity). The absolute temperature
(in Degrees Kelvin) of a blackbody radiator whose chromaticity
nearly resembles that of the light source. This indicates visual
“warmth” or “coolness”. Hence, the lower the number, the
warmer the light (more red content). The higher the number, the
cooler is the light (more blue content).
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LAMP FAMILIES AND LIGHT CONTROL EQUIPMENT
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QUALITATIVE COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIAL SOURCE
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CREDITS
DOE (2017); Manual of Practice on Efficient Lighting.
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END OF SLIDE
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

KIDAPAWAN CITY CAMPUS

Reston, Niño Marvin A., REE, RME

LIGHT AND LIGHTING

It travels in the form of an electromagnetic wave, so it has wavelength

Radiant Energy, Light and Color.

• In between light blue (450 to 490 nm),

 Thus, colors of light are called “additive”. A secondary color of light

A. The Eye

Lighting Terminologies Introduction

• The unit of measurement is the candela (cd).

Thank you for viewing.

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