G 8 Elite Science EOT

3 Revision
29/05/23
1 A- State the law of conservation of mass

• The total mass of the products of a reaction always

equal the total mass of the reactants.
• The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither
created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction
1 B - What evidence would you observe if the law of
conservation of mass is obeyed when mixing two
solutions?

When mixing two solutions, if the law of conservation of mass is

obeyed, the total mass of the products will be equal to the total
mass of the reactants.
2 A - What is an endothermic reaction?

When the energy needed to keep an endergonic reaction going is

in the form of thermal energy, the reaction is called an
endothermic reaction.
2 B What is an exothermic reaction?
When the energy of an exergonic reaction is given off mostly in
the form of thermal energy, the reaction is called an exothermic
reaction.
3 A - What is the difference between chemical properties and
physical properties?
3 B - Give examples of physical properties/ chemical properties.

A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be

observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.
Physical properties include color, density, hardness, and melting and
boiling points.
Chemical properties of matter describe its ability to undergo
some chemical change or reaction.
Metal + acid  Salt + Hydrogen
4 A - What is solubility?
4 B - What is conductivity?

Solubility is the maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given

amount of solvent at a given temperature.

Conductivity is the ability of a substance to transfer electric current through

it.
5 A - How do you define reactants and products in a
chemical reaction?
5 B - What is a chemical reaction?

• A chemical reaction is a change in which one or more

substances are converted into new substances.
• The substances present at the beginning of the reaction,
the substances that react, are called reactants.
• The new substances produced are called products.
6 A Characterize each reaction by determining its reaction
type.

1. Synthesis
2. Single displacement
3. Combustion
4. Double displacement
5. decomposition
 6 B Compare and contrast synthesis reactions and
decomposition reactions

SYNTHESIS DECOMPOSITION

In a synthesis reaction, two or more • In a decomposition reaction, one

substances combine to form another substance breaks down into two or
substance. more substances.
◦ Example: ◦ Example:
◦ H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) ◦ 2H 2 O 2 (l) O 2 (g) +
HCl (g) 2H 2 O(l)
 7 A - What kind of reaction produces a precipitate?
7 B - Describe what happens in a single displacement/
double displacement reaction.
• In a single-displacement reaction, one element replaces another element in a compound.
◦ Example: Cu(s) + 2AgNO 3 (aq) Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + Ag(s)

• In a double-displacement reaction, the positive ion of one compound replaces the positive
ion of the other, forming two new compounds.
• A precipitate is an insoluble compound that comes out of solution during this type of
reaction. In the example, copper(II) hydroxide is the precipitate.
◦ Example:
◦ CuCl 2 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Cu(OH) 2 (s) + 2NaCl(aq)
8 A - Describe what happens in an oxidation-reduction
reaction? Give examples of oxidation-reduction reactions.

OXIDATION REDUCTION

Oxidation is the loss of electrons. Reduction is the gain of electrons.

Na – 1e Na+ Cl + 1e Cl-
 9 A - Describe how hydrogen ions are associated with both acids and bases.
9B - Describe how an acidic solution forms when an acid is mixed in water and
how a basic solution forms when a base is mixed in water.

An acid is any substance that donates H+ to a base.

A base is any substance that accepts H+ from acids.
When an acid dissolves in water, the water molecules surround the neutral molecules of the
acid, pulling them apart into ions. The positive hydrogen ions are attracted to the negative
ends of the water molecules to form hydronium ions (H3O+).

When bases that contain the letters OH dissolve in water, the negative areas of nearby
water molecules attract the positive ion in the base. The positive areas of nearby water
molecules attract the OH- of the base. The base dissociates into a positive metal ion and a
negative hydroxide ion (OH-).
10A - Explain how a reaction could be endothermic but not exothermic.
10B - Why is a log fire considered to be an exothermic reaction?

An endothermic reaction absorbs thermal energy.

A reaction that releases thermal energy is called an exothermic
reaction. Burning wood and exploding dynamite are examples of
exothermic reactions.
11A - What is the energy required to start a chemical reaction called?
11B - Why do most of the chemical reactions need activation energy?

At the beginning of the reaction, the reactants have a certain

amount of energy. More energy must be added in order to break
the bonds in the reactants. This energy that must be added to start
the reaction is called activation energy.
The energy that must be added to start the reaction is called
activation energy.
12A - How do you know which substance is the solute in a solid solution?
12B - What is an alloy?

When a solid or gas dissolves in a liquid, the solid or gas is the solute, and the
liquid is the solvent. When a liquid dissolves in another liquid, the substance
present in the larger amount is typically the solvent.

An alloy is a mixture of elements that have metallic properties.

13A - Why does breaking up a solid solute into smaller pieces help it dissolve
more quickly?

When you break a solid solute into smaller pieces, you increase its surface
area. More surface area means that more solute comes in contact with the
solvent. When the surface area of the solute increases, the solute dissolves
more quickly.
13B - Describe how stirring, surface area and temperature affect the rate of
dissolving.

When you break a solid solute into smaller pieces, you increase its surface area.
More surface area means that more solute comes in contact with the solvent. When
the surface area of the solute increases, the solute dissolves more quickly

Stirring a solution speeds up the dissolving process by making the solvent and
solute particles move faster. More solvent particles come into contact with more
solute particles. The solid solute dissolves more quickly.

Solvent particles move faster when the temperature of the solvent increases. Fast-
moving solvent particles have more chances to come in contact with solute particles.
The more often they come in contact, the faster the solute particles break loose and
dissolve.
14A - Compare and contrast the differences and similarities between ionization
and dissociation.
14B - Describe the two ways that solutions of electrolytes form.

Ionic solutions form in two ways.

Some electrolytes are molecules made up of neutral atoms. To
form ions, these molecules must be broken apart in a way that the
atoms take on a charge. This process of forming ions is ionization.
The second way that ionic solutions form is by the separation of
ionic compounds. The process in which an ionic solid separates
into its positive and negative ions is dissociation
 15A - Explain how the concentration of a solute in a solution influences its
boiling point and freezing point.
15B - Describe how antifreeze affect the vapor pressure of a pure solvent.

When a solute is added, the solute particles interfere with this pattern, making it harder
for the solvent to freeze. To overcome the interference, a lower temperature is needed to
freeze the solvent.

Antifreeze molecules added to the water block the formation of ice crystals. When
enough solute particles are present, water cannot freeze at 0°C.

Solute particles block part of the surface, so fewer water molecules can reach the surface
and vaporize. The solution cannot boil because the vapor pressure of the solution is lower
than the vapor pressure of the solvent. Energy must be added to overcome the
interference and raise the vapor pressure of the solution to make it boil. The added
energy means the solution boils at a temperature higher than the boiling of the pure
water
 16A- Why is it dangerous to take large doses of some nonpolar vitamins?
16B - Why is it necessary to replace water-soluble vitamins more quickly than
fat-soluble vitamins?

Fat also dissolves vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K. Vitamins that dissolve
in fat are called fat-soluble vitamins. Fat and fat-soluble vitamins do not
wash away with the water that is in your body. The vitamins stay in your
tissues. If you take too much of a fat-soluble vitamin, you can have a high
concentration of the vitamin in your body. Some fat-soluble vitamins can be
very harmful at high concentrations.
Vitamins that dissolve in water are called water-soluble vitamins. Any extra
amounts of water-soluble vitamins in your body wash away. Because of this,
you must continue to replace the water-soluble vitamins that your body uses.
17A - Explain how a polar solvent dissolves a polar solute and how a nonpolar
solvent dissolves a nonpolar solute.
17B - Explain how one solute can dissolve in both polar and non-polar solvents

Water molecules have positive and negative ends. The charged areas of water
molecules help water dissolve polar solutes.

A nonpolar material does not have positive and negative areas. Nonpolar
substances are not attracted to polar substances, including water. Molecules
of a nonpolar solute can slip easily among molecules of a nonpolar solvent.

Some substances are versatile because they have a nonpolar end and a polar
end.

Example: soap
 18A Identify and describe three ways equilibrium can be shifted in a reversible
reaction. Explain each shift in terms of Le Châtelier’s principle and identify
whether the shift will be toward products or reactants.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇋ 2NH3(g) + energy

Changing concentration, The concentration of ammonia decreases, which causes the rate of the
reverse reaction to decrease. As a result, the forward reaction is temporarily faster than the
reverse reaction— described as a shift to the right—and more ammonia is formed.

Changing temperature If the temperature is reduced the equilibrium responds by reacting to

release energy and raise the temperature. A shift to the right occurs. More ammonia is formed as
a result.

Changing volume and pressure The pressure can be reduced by decreasing the number of gas
molecules. Because the product (NH3) side of the equation has fewer gas molecules (2) than the
reactant side (4), the equilibrium shifts to the right. More ammonia is formed as a result .
18B Compare and contrast chemical and physical equilibrium.

When opposing physical changes take place at equal rates, a state of physical
equilibrium exists.

In a sealed bottle of soda, for example, CO2 molecules are continually escaping
from the solution. At the same time—and at an identical rate—CO2 molecules are
reentering the solution

Similarly, when opposing chemical reactions take place at equal rates, a state
of chemical equilibrium exists.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇋ 2NH3(g) + energy

19A - What is the effect of increasing/decreasing the pressure of a gas over a
liquid? What happens to the solubility of a gas in a liquid if the temperature of
the gas is increased?

Increasing the pressure of a gas over a liquid forces more gas to dissolve in the
liquid. Cooling a liquid increases the amount of gas that will dissolve in it.
19B Explain how the temperature of a liquid solvent affects the solubility of a
solid compound.

Solvent particles move faster when the temperature of the solvent increases.
Fast-moving solvent particles have more chances to come in contact with
solute particles. The more often they come in contact, the faster the solute
particles break loose and dissolve.
19C Compare and contrast solubility and concentration

Concentration - describes how much solute is present in a solution compared

to the amount of solvent.

Solubility - the greatest amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific

amount of solvent at a given temperature
19 D - You are given a solution containing potassium nitrate dissolved in water.
How could you determine whether the solution is unsaturated, saturated, or
supersaturated?

An unsaturated solution can have any amount of Potassium nitrate less than
31.6 g in 100 g of water at 20°C.
Suppose you make a saturated solution of potassium nitrate with 100 g of
water at 100°C. You add 245 g of KNO3 to the water, just as the solubility
table shows. You then let the solution cool to 20°C.. , if you cool the saturated
solution of sodium acetate from 100°C to 20°C, no solute comes out of the
solution, this solution is supersaturated.