01 - Unit I - Origins - 06.07.2017

Introduction to Digital Image Processing
The first photograph in the world

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, View from the Window at Le Gras, 1826.
09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 2

Textbook
Suggested textbook:
R.C. Gonzalez and R.E. Woods, “Digital Image
Processing”, 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall’2008
Any other book with a similar title is fine
Web is the best and greenest “textbook”

Specific Teaching Objectives
By the end of this semester, you will
Grasp the basics of digital image processing and its

connections to other scientific and technological
fields such as psychology, morphology,
photography, astronomy and so on
Understand various basic image processing

concepts and algorithms

Introduction
What is an image?
Picture, Photograph
Visual Data
a projection of a 3D scene into a 2D projection plane.

Elephant?
Description
Elephant is black in colour
Gigantic
Has Four legs
A trunk and tusk

Visual information is
more powerful than
textual information
A picture is worth
thousand words

Welcome to Wonderful World
Of Digital Image Processing

Tour Guide
Image Image
Acquisition Generation
D.I.P.
Theme Image
Park Compression
Image Image
Manipulation Analysis
Image Image
Display Perception
History of Digital Image Processing
Newspaper industry
used Bartlane cable
picture transmission
system to send pictures
by submarine
cable
Sent by submarine cable

Early 1920s between London and New
York, the transportation
time was reduced to less
than three hours from more
09/17/23 than
Introduction to Digital a Processing
Image week 11
History of Digital Image Processing -Early
Improvement
The number of distinct gray levels coded by Bartlane

system was improved from 5 to 15 by the end of 1920s
New reproduction processes based on photographic
techniques resulted in higher quality images
The Born of Digital Computers
The images in previous slides are digital;
but they are NOT considered as the results of DIP
What do we mean by Digital Image Processing

Processing digital images by a digital computer
DIP has been dependent on the development of

digital computers and other supporting
technologies (e.g., data storage, display and
transmission)

The first picture of moon
History of Digital Image Processing by US spacecraft Ranger7
on July 31, 1964 at
9:09AM EDT
1960s: Improvements in
computing technology and the
onset of the space race led
to a surge of work in digital
image processing
1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of images
of the moon taken by the
Ranger 7 probe. Such
techniques were used in
other space missions
including the Apollo landings
The Born of
Computer
History of Digital Image Processing Tomography
1970s: Digital image

processing begins to be used
in medical applications
1979: Sir Godfrey N.
Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Computerised Axial
Tomography (CAT) scans

The Boom of Digital Images in the Last 20 Years
Acquisition
Digital cameras, scanners
MRI and Ultrasound imaging
Infrared and microwave imaging
Transmission
Internet, satellite and wireless communication
Storage
CD/DVD, Blu-ray
Falsh memory, Phase-change memory
Display
Printers, LCD monitor, digital TV
Portable DVD player, PDAs, cell-phone

introduction
Most images are based on radiation from
electromagnetic spectrum.

A Physical Perspective of Image Acquisition
Extend the capabilities of human vision systems

From visible spectrum to non-visible
electromagnetic power spectrum
From close-distance sensing to remote sensing

Light: the Visible Spectrum
Visible range: 0.43µm(violet)-0.78µm(red)
Six bands: violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red
The color of an object is determined by the
nature of the light reflected by the object
Monochromatic light (gray level)
Three elements measuring chromatic light
Radiance, luminance and brightness

Visible (I): Photography

Visible (II): Motion Pictures

Visible (III): Biometrics and Forensics
You=ID

Visible (IV): Light Microscopy
Taxol (250) Cholesterol (40) Microprocessor (60)

Visible (V): Remote Sensing
Earth at night (Only Asia/Europe shown)

Beyond Visible
Infrared (thermal imaging): near-infrared and
far-infrared
Microwave imaging:
Radio-frequency: MRI and astronomic applications
Gamma-ray and X-ray: medical and astronomical
applications

Beyond Visible (I): Thermal Images
Operate in infrared frequency
Grayscale representation
(bright pixels correlate with
high-temperature regions)

Pseudo-color representation
(Human body dispersing
heat denoted by red)

Autoliv’s night vision system

on the BMW 7 series

Beyond Visible (II): Radar Images
Operate in microwave frequency
Mountains in Southeast Tibet

Beyond Visible (II): Radar Images
Operate in microwave frequency
Mountains in Southeast Tibet

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
In SAR imaging,
amplitude and phase of radio
waves reflected by the object
is recorded in course of plain
flight around the object.
These flight data are then used
for reconstruction of wave
reflectivity distribution over
the object surface. The
reconstruction is carried out
either optically, or, presently, in
digital computers.

In SAR imaging,
 amplitude and phase of radio
waves reflected by the object
is recorded in course of plain
flight around the object.
.
These flight data are then used

 for reconstruction of wave reflectivity
distribution over the object surface. The
reconstruction is carried out either optically,
or, presently, in digital computers

Environmental
monitoring, earth-
resource mapping, and
military systems
SAR imagery must be
acquired in inclement
weather and all-day-all-
night.
SAR produces azimuth
resolution relatively
fine that differentiates
it from other radars.

One of most recent example of application of SAR
imaging: Radar map of Venus

Beyond Visible (III):
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Operate in radio frequency
knee spine head

visible infrared radio

Beyond Visible (IV): Fluorescence Microscopy IMAGING
Operate in ultraviolet frequency
normal corn smut corn

What Does a Neuron Look Like?
Artistic illustration Real image

Beyond Visible (V): Medical Diagnostics
X-ray imaging is used in a number of areas like

medical diagnostics, astronomy, and industrial
applications.
X-rays generated by a X-ray tube (vacuum tube)

pass through the object to be imaged and is then
captured by a sensor.
If an X-ray film is used as the sensor, it is

typically digitized to get a digital image.

Beyond Visible (V): Medical Diagnostics
Operate in X-ray frequency
chest head

Beyond Visible (VI): PET and Astronomy
Gamma-ray imaging is used in many applications

like nuclear medicine and astronomy.
Positron emission tomography (PET imaging) is
commonly used in medical diagnostic imaging.
Radioactive isotope administered to patient, which
emits positrons.
Positron and electron meet and annihilate, giving
out gamma-rays, which are detected by sensors.
Prominent bright spots indicate white masses
corresponding to tumors in lung and brain.

Operate in gamma-ray frequency
Cygnus Loop in the constellation of Cygnus



Other Non-Electro-Magnetic Imaging Modalities
Some images are NOT based on radiation from
electromagnetic spectrum
Acoustic imaging
Translate “sound waves” into image signals
Electron microscopy
Shine a beam of electrons through a specimen
Synthetic images in Computer Graphics
Computer generated (non-existent in the real
world)

Acoustic Imaging
visible seismic
potential locations of oil/gas

Electron Microscope
2500 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image of

damaged integrated circuit
(white fibers are oxides resulting from thermal destruction)

Cartoon Pictures (Non-Photorealistic)
Hayao Miyazaki’2008
Synthetic Images in Gaming
Warcraft III by Blizzard

Virtual Reality (Photorealistic)

Graphics in Art

Mixture of Graphics and Photos
Morgantown, WV in Google Map

Toward the Future: Nano-scale maging
New imaging
technology that
can reveal fine
structures at the
nano scale is
going to be useful
In biology (e.g.,
protein sequencing
and folding)

Summary: Importance of Visual Information
Various imaging modalities help us to see invisible
objects due to
Opaqueness (e.g., see through human body)
Far distance (e.g., remote sensing)
Small size (e.g., light microscopy)
Other signals (e.g., seismic) can also be translated

into images to facilitate the analysis
Images are important to convey information and

support reasoning
A picture is worth a thousand words!

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Introduction to Digital Image Processing

The first photograph in the world

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 2

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 3

Grasp the basics of digital image processing and its

Understand various basic image processing

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 4

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 5

Elephant is black in colour

Has Four legs

A trunk and tusk

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 7

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 8

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 9

Sent by submarine cable

The number of distinct gray levels coded by Bartlane

What do we mean by Digital Image Processing

DIP has been dependent on the development of

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 13

1970s: Digital image

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 15

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 16

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 17

Extend the capabilities of human vision systems

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 18

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 20

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 21

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 22

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 23

Taxol (250) Cholesterol (40) Microprocessor (60)

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 24

Earth at night (Only Asia/Europe shown)

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 25

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 26

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 27

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 28

Autoliv’s night vision system

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 29

Mountains in Southeast Tibet

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 30

Mountains in Southeast Tibet

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 31

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 32

These flight data are then used

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 33

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 34

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 35

knee spine head

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 36

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 37

Operate in ultraviolet frequency

normal corn smut corn

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 38

Artistic illustration Real image

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 39

X-ray imaging is used in a number of areas like

X-rays generated by a X-ray tube (vacuum tube)

If an X-ray film is used as the sensor, it is

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 40

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 41

Gamma-ray imaging is used in many applications

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 42

Cygnus Loop in the constellation of Cygnus