UNDERSTANDING

CULTURE, SOCIETY,
AND POLITICS
PREPARED BY:
Maribel B. Esguerra

MODULE 1
RECAP
What are the lesson that you can still
remember from your Social Science
subject during your Junior High
School?

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

• Discuss the nature, goals and perspectives in/of

anthropology, sociology and political science

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Watch this!

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

What do you mean by

Chan
ge
#WalangForever

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 HUMAN VARIATION

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 Nationality
“a group of people who share the Nationality can be acquired by
same history, traditions, and being born in a country or through
language” and who inhabits a legal processes such as
particular territory delineated by a NATURALIZATION on
political border and administered by citizenship.
a government.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 Ethnicity
• Ethnicity is having a common cultural and historical
tradition.
• Within a nation are smaller cultural groups that share
specific social environments, traditions, histories that
may not be necessarily subscribed to by mainstream
society. This are called ETHNIC GROUPS.

• PHILIPPINES HAS 180 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

AND 100 TRIBAL GROUPS.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 Ethnicity

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Gender
It refers to socially constructed roles,
behaviors, activities, and attributes that a
given society considers appropriate for men
and women.
(World Health Organization 2013)

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 It is usually categorized as female or male but there
is variation in the biological attributes that comprise
sex and how those attributes are expressed.

Gender and Sex

It refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors,
activities, and attributes that a given society
considers appropriate for men and women.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
 Sex
Sex refers to “the different biological and
physiological characteristics of males and
females, such as reproductive organs,
chromosomes, hormones, etc.”

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 • Unlike sex which refers to the biological

LGBTQI+ characteristics of humans such as male or

female, gender categories are more varied,
accommodating identities such as
LESBIAN,GAY, BISEXUAL,
TRANSGENDER, QUEER, AND
INTERSEX or
( LGBTQI)

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 Several Types of Gender
HETEROSEXUAL- a person with this
gender is inclined to be sexually
attracted to a person of the opposite sex.
HOMOSEXUAL- when a person is
attracted to a person of the same sex.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
GAY- a male who is romantically
attracted to other male.
LESBIAN- a female who is
romantically attracted to other female.
BISEXUAL- individuals who are
attracted to both sexes.
Several Types of Gender
ASEXUAL- individuals who are
incapable of being attracted to any sex.

POLYSEXUAL- individuals who are

attracted to MULTIPLE types of
gender.
PANSEXUAL- individuals who are
attracted to ALL types of gender.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Transsexual
Involves medical changes,
such as hormones or surgery
Transgender
Describes those who have a gender
that’s different from the sex
assigned at birth
SOGIE (Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Expression)
• Sexual Orientation- refers to a person’s biological identity, which may be
male, female or intersex (i.e. hermaphrodite)

• Gender Identity- is an individual’s internal concept of self may be related to

being masculine or feminine, neither, or both, without strict relation to the
physical characteristics that the person has.

• Gender Expression- is how an individual chooses to present himself or herself

in society, the clothes that they wear, and the general behavior they display to
signify their gender identity.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

SOGIE Equality Bill
• also known as the Anti-Discrimination Bill (ADB)

• is a bill that was proposed by the Congress of the Philippines.

• It is intended to prevent various economic and public accommodation-related acts of

discrimination against people based on their sexual orientation, gender identity or expression.

• The current version of the bill is sponsored by Kaka Bag-ao, Geraldine Roman, Tom Villarin
in the House of Representatives, and Risa Hontiveros in the Senate. The version in the House
of Representatives passed its third reading most recently on September 20, 2017, but died in
the Senate. It has been refiled for the 18th Congress.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 Socioeconomic Status
How to measure?
Socioeconomic Status (SES) is a theoretical construct
encompassing individual, household, and/or community
access to resources.

It is commonly conceptualized as a combination of

economic, social, and work status, measured by income or
wealth, education, and occupation.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

What does
Social Class
means?
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Who should the
government help more,
the poor or the middle
class?
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Socioeconomic Status
ELITE - enter to private school and elite universities
Upper Class ESTABLISHED MIDDLE CLASS (work in traditional
professions)

TECHNICAL MIDDLE CLASS ( work in science and

Middle Class technology and from middle class backgrounds)

NEW AFFLUENT WORKERS (economically secure and belong

Working Class to working class)
TRADITIONAL WORKING CLASS (drivers, cleaners, and
electricians)
EMERGENT SERVICE WORKERS ( not financially secure)
PRECARIAT (poorest and 80% of them rent a house)

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

3 Social Classes in the Philippines
There are three primary social classes in the Philippines: the low-income class,
the middle-income class, and the high-income class. However, the poor are ranked
below the low-income class. The latter is in between the poor and the middle class
—they're not middle class but not considered poor, either.

The current average estimated poverty threshold in the Philippines is

₱12,082, which is the minimum amount a family of five needs in a month to buy
their basic food and non-food items.

If your family income is higher than the poverty threshold, the government
doesn't consider you poor.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Socioeconomic Status
As of 2020, data from the Philippine Statistics Office shows that 43.5% of the total population
belongs to the middle class, 38.4% to the low-income class, and 16.7% to the poorest of the
poor. Only the remaining 1.4% falls under the high-income class.

Wondering what social class in the Philippines you belong to?

Your guess might not match the government's definition of social classes.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Types of Social classes in the Philippines
Income Cluster Per Capita Income Monthly Income (for a family of 5)

Poor Less than the official poverty threshold Less than ₱12,082

Low-income class (but not poor) Between the poverty line and twice the poverty line Between ₱12,082 and ₱24,164

Lower middle-income class Between two and four times the poverty line Between ₱24,164 and ₱48,328

Middle middle-income class Between four and seven times the poverty line Between ₱48,328 and ₱84,574

Upper middle-income class Between seven and 12 times the poverty line Between ₱84,574 and ₱144,984

Upper-income class (but not rich) Between 12 and 20 times the poverty line Between ₱144,984 and ₱241,640

Rich At least 20 times the poverty line ₱241,640 and above

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Socioeconomic Status
Who Exactly is the Middle Class?

The government defines the middle class as those earning incomes between two to 12 times the
poverty line. This means if your family income is between around ₱24,000 and ₱145,000, you
fall in the middle-income class.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 Socioeconomic Status
A 2018 PIDS study provides deeper insights into the middle class in the Philippines. Here are some important
and interesting facts to know about the social structure in the Philippines, specifically the country's middle class
vis-à-vis their poor and low-income counterparts:

• Middle-income households have significantly greater access to education, health, and other services (not necessarily from the government).
• They have higher educational attainment, which is why more of them have better-quality jobs.
• Middle-class families spend more on their children's education, sending them to private schools and getting them tutoring services.
• Their families are smaller with fewer children.
• Most of them live in urban areas, especially in Metro Manila and nearby areas.
• Three in every four middle-income households live in a space that they own, while 23% rent. A small percentage (3%) of the middle class live in the slums, but
they make up a large chunk of informal settlers in the country (42%). This is attributed to the lack of affordable housing in the cities.
• Middle-class workers have stable jobs (mostly salaried) in wholesale and retail trade, transportation, communication, and government sectors. These
include sari-sari store owners, tricycle and jeep drivers, bus conductors, call center agents, public school teachers, clerks, private-sector employees, and
government workers.
• In Metro Manila and other traffic-congested cities, most cars are owned by the middle class.
• Middle-class households are less dependent on the government, shifting away from using public services and leaning towards private ones. This is especially
true in the case of transportation, healthcare, and education.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Who should the
government help more,
the poor or the middle
class?

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 POOR
To support the poorest of the poor, the
government allocated ₱200 billion for
the social amelioration program to help
18 million low-income households
during the enhanced community
quarantine.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
MIDDLE CLASS
To the government's credit, it
responded to the middle class's calls for
assistance with the Small Business
Wage Subsidy Program. It benefitted
3.4 million middle-class workers of
micro, small, and medium enterprises
during the height of the pandemic.
Other government assistance programs,
such as the SSS unemployment benefit,
also covered the middle class.
Who should the government help more, the poor or the middle class?

• The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Ambisyon NATIN 2040 proposes that
expanding the Filipino middle class is key to achieving Philippine development goals. The goal is for the
poor and low-income to become middle-income and enjoy a better quality of life.

• To reduce inequality among social classes in the Philippines, the World Bank reports that the country
should focus on healing the pandemic’s scars, setting the stage for a vibrant and inclusive recovery, and
promoting greater equality of opportunity.[7] This entails strengthening social assistance; reskilling workers;
improving access to quality health care, education, and housing; and more.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Political Identity
is a political approach wherein people of a
particular gender, religion, race, social
background, class or other identifying factors,
develop political agendas that are based upon
theoretical interlocking systems of oppression
that may affect their lives and come from their
various identities.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Political Identity

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 Religion
is a social-cultural system of designated behaviors
and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts,
sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or
organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural
, transcendental, and spiritual elements.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Major Religion in the World

Christianity 2.382 billion 31.11%

Islam 1.907 billion 24.9%
Nonreligious 1.193 billion 15.58%
Hinduism 1.161 billion 15.16%

According to Wikipedia 2020

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 Religion
The belief in SUPERNATURAL has
been one of the universal preoccupation
of humans as early as 60,000 years ago.
The earliest forms of religion revolved
around making sense of natural
occurrences such as extreme weather
conditions, natural, and man-made
calamities, sickness, and even death.
The Sorcerer of Les Gabillou

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 Religion
Monotheistic- believing in the existence of ONE GOD.

Polytheistic- believing in the existence of MULTIPLE GODS.

Atheism – believing that there is NO GOD.

Agnosticism – believing that the existence or nonexistence of a god or of gods is unknown

or unknowable.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 Religion
Monotheistic
• God in monotheism is conceived of as the creator of the world and of humanity.

• God has created not only the natural world and the order existing therein but also the ethical order to which humanity ought to

conform and, implicit in the ethical order, the social order.

• Everything is in the hands of God.

• God is holy—supreme and unique in being and worth, essentially other than humanity—and can be experienced as a mysterium

tremendum (“a fearful mystery”) but at the same time as a mysterium fascinans (“a fascinating mystery”), as a mystery approached

by human beings with attitudes of both repulsion and attraction, of both fear and love.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 Exceptionality and Non Exceptionality
People with non-average capacity or geniuses, people
with disability and those physically challenge individuals.
In the Philippines, disability is one of the social issues
affecting a portion of the Philippines' population. To
ensure the equality and rights of disabled persons, there
are Philippine laws and policies that were passed
regarding persons with disabilities (PWDs).

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 Exceptionality and Non Exceptionality
The National Council on Disability Affairs (NCDA), formerly National
Council for the Welfare of Disabled Persons or NCWDP, is the government
body which focuses on the activities, issues, and concerns that are related to
PWDs in the country. Their priority is to track and perform laws to ensure the
protection of PWDs' political and civil rights.

The recognition of PWDs is stated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Article

XIII, Section 13 states that “the State shall establish a special agency for
disabled person for their rehabilitation, self-development, and self-reliance,
and their integration into the mainstream of society.”Some of the laws
concerning PWDs include Republic Act No. 7277 (Magna Carta for Disabled
Persons), Batas Pambansa Blg. 344 (Accessibility Law), Republic Act 6759
(White Cane Act) and the Republic Act No. 10754 is an expansion of the
benefits and privileges of PWDs in the Philippines as an amendment to the
Magna Carta for Disabled Persons.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 Remember!

Humans varies in different aspects, what we

need is to understand our differences.

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

 yo u !
h a n k
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UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS