MUSCULAR SYSTEM

AESTHETIC BEAUTY TRAINING LTD

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THE MAIN Produce Produce movement of the body or within the body

FUNCTION Maintain Maintain posture or facial contours

S OF THE
MUSCLES Cause Cause heat production to maintain body temperature

ARE TO: Assist Assist with venous return

 Muscles are attached by tendons at both ends to either the bones
of the skeleton, ligaments, tendons, skin or sometimes other
muscles.
• The origin of the muscle is the part where the muscle
originates (where it is attached to the bone).
• The insertion is the other end, which is attached to a moveable
part, tissue or fascia. During contraction the part of the muscle
moves, acting as a lever to bring about an action.
Many muscles work antagonistically, meaning one muscle
MUSCLE contracts to move the bone one way and the other contracts to

ATTACHME move the bone back, for example, the biceps and triceps.

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 If all the muscles in the body were to relax at one time the body would simply
collapse. Even when a muscle appears to be resting it is always partially
contracted and, therefore, ready to produce the required action. This state of
partial contraction is known as muscle tone. Muscle tone is needed to help the
body stand upright. Flexors are muscles that bend a limb and extensors are
muscles that straighten a limb. We can only keep upright if the flexor and
extensor muscles at a joint are partially contacted, as this keeps the joint stable.
Muscle tone can vary between different people depending on the amount of
exercise performed, genetic build inherited from parents, diet i.e. protein
intake, lifestyle and age. Other factors that can affect muscle tone are
temperature, electrical currents, infra red rays and massage. Muscle tone could
also deteriorate if the nerve supply to the muscle was damaged in some way.

MUSCLE
TONE
 Shorten or
contract.
MUSCLE TISSUE
CHARACTERISTIC
S
Spring back to
Respond to
MUSCLES ARE stimuli provided
the original
form after
MADE UP OF TINY by nerve
contraction -
impulses
ELASTIC FIBRES like elastic.
THAT HAVE THE
ABILITY TO:
Stretch when
relaxed.
 Skeletal muscle tissue is controlled voluntarily by the brain and
nervous system. When viewed under a microscope, it has visible
stripes and is therefore called striated. Each muscle tissue consists
of bundles of parallel muscle fibres. Each fibre has an outer
membrane that binds together smaller myofibrils, many of which
have nuclei. Each muscle fibre also has a rich blood and nerve
supply. The blood brings fresh oxygen, nutrients, and adrenalin
and removes waste products such as lactic acid and carbon

SKELETAL dioxide. The nerves carry impulses that stimulate the muscle to
contract or relax.
MUSCLE
TISSUE
 Running the length of the muscle tissue are two kinds of protein
filaments called actin and myosin. Actin filaments are the thinner
filaments and myosin are thicker; they are arranged in alternating
bands resulting in a striated appearance.

SKELETAL
MUSCLE
TISSUE
 Once these two factors are
In order for the muscle to
The energy comes from an in place, it will result in the
contract, it must receive a
energy rich compound actin filaments sliding
stimulus from the motor
called ATP (adenosine further in- between the
nerve attached to the muscle
triphosphate) which is rich myosin filaments, therefore
fibre and have a sufficient
in glucose and oxygen. shortening the muscle
energy supply.
fibres.

CONTRACTION IN VOLUNTARY MUSCLE

 • MUSCLES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO THREE DIFFERENT
• SKELETAL
• SMOOTH
• CARDIAC.

MUSCLE
TYPES
THE MUSCLES OF THE FACE, HEAD AND NECK
Muscle Position
Frontalis Forehead/upper part of cranium
Corrugator In-between the inner eyebrows
Orbicularis oculi Round muscle that surrounds the
eye
Masseter Extends downwards from the
zygomatic bone to the jaw, in the
lower cheek area
Zygomaticus – major and minor Extends upwards, diagonally from
the corners of the mouth
Risorius Runs horizontally in the cheeks
from the corner of the mouth
Action
Lifts the eyebrows which cause
horizontal creases to appear
Draws the eyebrows together, as in
frowning
Closes the eyes and can cause
wrinkles at the corner of the eye
Lifts the jaw and exerts pressure on
the teeth
Pulls the corners of the mouth
upwards and out as in smiling
Pulls the corners of the mouth
sideways as in grinning
Muscle Position
Orbicularis oris Round muscle that surrounds the
mouth and forms the lips
Buccinator Deep muscle in between the
maxilla and mandible
Digastric This muscle has two bellies and is
located under the chin
Platysma Starts at the chest and covers the
front of the neck up to the
mandible
Sterno-cleido mastoid Runs down on an angle from each
side of the neck to the collar bone
Action
Purses the lips and closes the
mouth as in kissing or whistling
Maintains tension in the cheeks
and used when blowing
Lowers the mandible and elevates
the hyoid bone – used when
swallowing and speaking
Pulls the jaw and lower lip down,
causes the neck to wrinkle
Flexes the neck, rotates the head
from side to side, and bows the
head forward
MUSCLES OF THE TORSO
 MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR TORSO
Muscle Position Action
Pectoralis (major and Covers the chest Draws the arm and shoulder in towards the
minor) chest
Intercostals In-between the ribs, running Muscle of respiration, used to increase the
obliquely downwards thoracic cavity when breathing normally
Rectus abdominus Extends the whole length of the Flexes the trunk forwards, extending the spine
front of the abdomen and is divided and maintains the posture of the body
into 4 sections
External obliques Extends laterally from sides of Flexes the trunk, when acting alone it twists the
abdomen trunk
Diaphragm Mid chest separating the thoracic Muscle of respiration, flattens to increase the
and abdominal cavities thoracic cavity when breathing in, causing the
ribs to rise
 POSTERIOR MUSCLES OF THE TORSO

Muscle Position Action

Trapezius A large kite shaped muscle that Elevates and depresses the shoulders, also
covers the back and sides of the draws the head backwards
neck, shoulders and upper back

Latissimus dorsi Large muscle which extends from Helps pull the body upwards when climbing,
the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae draws shoulders/arm down and backwards
Erector spinae Runs down the length of the Extends the spine and holds the body upright
vertebrae
MUSCLES OF THE ARM, SHOULDER AND HAND
Muscle Position Action
Deltoid Caps the shoulder joint Lifts, extends, and rotates the arm

Biceps Front of the upper arm Flexes the forearm and turns palm upwards

Triceps Back of the upper arm Extends the forearm

Brachialis Front of lower part of the upper Flexes the forearm

arm, crossing elbow
Radialis On radial side of forearm Flexes the forearm
MUSCLES OF THE LEG
 ANTERIOR MUSCLES OF THE LEG
Muscle Position Action

Quadriceps (rectus Front of the thigh Flexes the hip and extends the knee
femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus
medialis and vastus
intermedius)
Adductors (longus, Inner side of the thigh Adducts the hip and rotates the hip
magnus and brevis)
Abductor (tensor Lateral side of thigh Flexes and abducts the thigh
fascia latae)
Tibialis anterior Down the shin on the lateral side of Flexion and inversion of the foot (drawing sole
the tibia inwards)
 POSTERIOR MUSCLES OF THE LEG
Muscle Position Action

Gluteals (maximus, In the buttocks, connecting the Abducts and rotates femur, extends the
medius and minimus) pelvis to the femur knee

Piriformis A deep muscle crossing below the Rotates the thigh laterally and abducts the
buttocks to the hip joint thigh
Hamstrings (biceps Back of the thigh Extension of the hip and flexion of the
femoris, knee
semimembranosis,
semitendonosis)
Gastrocnemius Back of the calf Flexion of the knee and foot, used for
propelling the body when walking
Soleus Deep in the back of the calf, below Flexion of the foot
gastrocnemius
 There are a variety of conditions that affect the muscles:
• Muscle fatigue - can be recognised by a muscle that fails to relax completely
resulting in the muscle going into spasm, which generally causes some pain in the
area. This is due to over exercising of the muscles and could also occur using a
faradic type unit. The blood flow is restricted to the muscle fibres, as the blood can
only flow through the capillaries when the muscle is relaxing. The causes of muscle
fatigue are lack of oxygen and nutrients to the muscle and the accumulation of waste
products, mainly lactic acid.
• Cramps – Muscle cramps are involuntary and often painful contractions of the
muscle, which produces a hard, bulging muscle. The causes range from dehydration,
over exercise, lack of magnesium/calcium reserves or more serious conditions such
as hypothyroidism or kidney failure. The muscle cramp can be stopped by stretching

DISORDER
the effected muscle.
• Shivering – as the muscles become colder, the tone of the muscle increases and the

S OF THE muscle starts to shiver by contracting spasmodically. It does this to increase heat to
help raise the body temperature.

MUSCULA • Muscle strain - is the stretching or tearing of muscle fibres within a muscle.
Symptoms of a muscle strain include pain, tightness, swelling, tenderness, and the

R SYSTEM
inability to move the muscle very well. A muscle strain can be caused by sports,
exercise, a sudden movement, or trying to lift something that is too heavy.