ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY LAB

COVERAGE: Zygomatic Muscles (major)

1. Muscles of the head and the neck.
A. Muscles of facial expression
B. Muscles of mastication
C. Muscles of the neck
Platysma
2. Trunk Muscles
A. Anterior Trunk Muscles
B. Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal
Wall
C. Posterior Muscles of the trunk
- arises from the zygomatic bone and inserted
into the skin at angle of mouth. This draw
angle of the mouth upward (as in smiling)
- also known as the smiling muscle
- is a broad sheet of muscle that lies just-under
the skin in the anterolateral region of the neck.
This draws outer part of the lower lip down
and back (as in frowning)

I. MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND THE

NECK.
A. MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION:

Epicranius (occipitofrontalis)
- is a broad musculofibrous sheet that covers
the top and the sides of the skull.
B. MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
- Composed of two muscular portions which
There are four (4) pairs of muscles that
are connected by a fibrous sheet called
produce biting and chewing movements.
Epicranial Aponeurosis or Galea
Aponeurotica.
- Frontalis: elevates eyebrows (for surprised Masseter
look); and
- Occipitalis: draws scalp backward - Appears as a bulging mass near the angle of
the jaw; closes jaw and elevates mandible.
Orbicularis Oculi
Temporalis
- is a flat, elliptical muscle that sweeps around
the circumference of the orbit - is a fan-shaped muscle that covers the
- sphincter muscle of the eyelids temporal bone; closes jaw and elevates
mandible.
Orbicularis Oris
- surrounds the opening of the mouth. This
closes mouth, purses lips. This plays a
significant role in speech (phonation).
- Also known as the KISSING MUSCLE.
Buccinator
- is the muscle coat of the cheeks; pulls cheek
against teeth to move food during chewing
and to make blowing or whistling or sucking
motion.
- principal muscle of the cheek
Medial Pterygoid
- Draws the jaw toward opposite side in
grinding movements.
Lateral Pterygoid
- Produces side to side movements during
chewing and grinding

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thoracic and abdominal walls, and those that cover
the pelvic outlet.

Pectoralis Major
- Large fan-shaped muscle covering the upper
part of the chest
- Forms the anterior wall of the chest
- Acts to adduct and flex the arm

The muscles of the trunk include those that move the

vertebral column, the muscles that form the thoracic
and abdominal walls, and those that cover

C. MUSCLES OF THE NECK

i. ANTERIOR TRUNK MUSCLES
Sternocleidomastoid
- Is a strong band-like muscle that lies Serratus Anterior
superficially across the side of the neck. - Is a large muscle that occupies the side of the
- Flexing of the neck or bowing when praying chest and the medial wall of the axilla or
armpit.
Platysma - Appears like the tooth of a saw or in a jagged
- Is a single sheetlike muscle that covers the fashion
anterolateral neck;
- Pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly,
producing a downward sag of the mouth

II. TRUNK MUSCLES

The muscles of the trunk include those that
move the vertebral column, the muscles that form the

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MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION (BREATHING)
External Intercostals
- Fill-in the spaces between ribs.
- Fibers extend downward and forward
- The contraction of these muscles raises the
ribs, in what is called the “bucket-handle
movement”, which increase the transverse
diameter of the thoracic cage.
Internal Intercostals
- Lie undercover of the external intercostals
and the fibers are directed downward and
backward.
- Depresses the rib cage which help to move air
out of the lungs during expiration.
External Oblique
Diaphragm
- Is a dome-shaped muscular partition which
completely separates the thoracic and
abdominal cavities.
- Its upper convex surface forms the floor of
the thoracic cavity and where the heart and
lungs rest; while
- The lower concave surface forms the roof of
the abdominal cavity and lies directly over
the liver on the right side and over the spleen
and the stomach on the left side.
- It has three (3) large openings for the vagus
nerve and the esophagus; for the aorta,
azygous vein and the thoracic duct; and for
the inferior vena cava.
- the contraction of the muscular portion, pulls
the central portion downward and thus he
thoracic cavity above is enlarged from top to
bottom.
ii. MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR
ABDOMINAL WALL
 These act to support and protect the internal
organs.
 There are four (4) layers of muscles that form
the abdominal wall
 It forms a natural “girdle” that reinforces the
body trunk.
- Is the strongest and most superficial muscle
of the lateral abdominal wall.
- It is a broad, thin muscular sheet which
extends forward and down from the ribs until
it becomes an aponeurosis, which attaches
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the muscles to the linea alba (it is a tendon
running from the xiphoid process of the
sternum to the pubic symphysis) at the
midline.
Internal Oblique
- Is a broad, thin sheet of muscular tissue deep
to the external oblique
- Is located between the external oblique and
the transversus abdominis.
Transversus Abdominis
- Is a deeply placed muscle in the lateral
abdominal wall; the deepest muscle of the
abdominal wall.
- The fibers pass directly forward and
horizontally around the abdominal wall to
form what has been called as a “living girdle”
- Compresses the abdominal contents
Rectus Abdominis
- Are paired, long strap like muscle that runs
lengthwise on either side of the linea alba.
- The most superficial muscles of the abdomen.
- Main function is to flex the vertebral column;
compresses the abdominal contents; and
involved in forced breathing.
iii. POSTERIOR MUSCLES OF THE
TRUNK
Trapezius
- is a very large muscle that lies superficially at
the back of the neck and the upper part of the
thorax
- the most superficial muscles of the posterior
neck and upper trunk
- extend the head; also elevate, depress, adduct
and stabilize the scapula
Latissimus Dorsi
- means widest of the back
- is a pair of large flat, triangular muscle that
covers the loin and the lower back ad half of
the thoracic region.
- Extends and adducts the humerus.
Deltoid
- Is a thick, fleshy, powerful, shield-shaped
muscle that covers the shoulder joint
- Gives roundness to the upper part of the arm
just below the shoulder
- It’s a favorite injection site
- Prime movers of arm abduction
Erector Spinae
- Prime remover of back extension or extend
the vertebral column
- Are deep muscles of the back
- A composite muscle of longissimus,
iliocostalis (lateral) and spinalis (medial)
- Run the entire length of the vertebral column.
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