Movement

What is movement?

• Any change in place or position of an organism

• Animals move their entire body (locomotion)

• Plants perform partial movement and growth movement (tropism)

-Phototropism- movement in response to light (shoots move towards light)

-Geotropism- movement in response to gravity ( roots move towards gravity)

-Thigmotropism- is the movement of parts of the plant to touch( venus fly trap, mimosa
pudica)
Different kinds of movement

• Movement in cells

• Growth movement in plants (slow)

• Partial movement (fast)

• Whole movement (entire organism or gamate)

Importance

• Protists: move toward food or to avoid dangerous chemicals e.g. amoeba.

-They use their pseudopodium in the direction they are moving. White blood
cells move in a similar way
-Paramecium use small hair like cilia which move in waves to create movement.

• Plants: -leaves orient to light, stem grows towards light, roots grow toward to
water for nutrition

• Animals: Find mates, food and get away from danger. Most have endo-
skeleton(inside of the body). Insects have an exoskeleton (outside of body)
which is made of hard chitin. It reduces water loss and helps with locomotion,
it moults to allow growth of the insect
The Skeleton

• Mammals have a hard internal skeleton ( endoskeleton) which

grows with the organism

• Made of 206 bones (babies has around 300)

• Largest bone is called the femur (found in the upper leg)

• Smallest bone (found in the middle ear, stapes)

Vertebrae
Long bone

• Long bones has soft spongy ends covered by cartilage

• Middle has compact bone strengthened by calcium and phosphorus salt to make it
hard. Collagen is also contained to make it slightly flexible.

• Hollow on the inside to reduce weight

• Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, platelets and phagocytes

• Yellow bone marrow produces fats cells, cartilage and bone

Functions of skeleton

• It helps to give shape and support: the skeletons gives the frame of the body. Without
the skeleton the body would be a lump of tissue, skin and muscles slumped on the
ground

• Protection: the skeleton protects delicate organs in the body

• Movement with aid of muscles: muscles are attached to bones to help movement

• Produce blood cells: red blood cells, phagocytes and platelets are produced in the bone
marrow of long bones

• Stores calcium
Joints

• A joint is where two bones meet. They can be fixed or moving but most
are moving joints

• Immovable joints (fibrous) are also called sutures. The bones are fused
together allowing no movement. Example the cranium and the pelvic
girdle. The cranium is made up of 22 bones that are held together by
fibrous tissue.

• Movable joints can be divided into freely movable and partially movable
joints. These allow movement.
Movable joints

• Partially movable (cartilaginous) joints exist between the atlas

and axis (at the top of the neck). It is called a pivot joint and
allows movement of the head.
• Freely moveable joints are also called Synovial joint. There are
two types:
• Hinge joint: Allows movement in one direction only. Example the
elbow, knee and finger joints.
• Ball and socket: Allows movement in all directions. Example the
shoulder and hip joints.
Synovial joint

• Bone: hard, non-bending, produces blood cells

• Cartilage: flexible end of bone, absorbs shock and reduces friction

• Synovial fluid: Lubricates the joint and reduces friction

• Ligament: elastic tissue which joins bones to bones

• Tendon: Inelastic, attaches muscles to bones

Skeletal muscle

• Consist of 650 muscles which are attached to the bones

of the skeleton

• Each muscle is an organ composed of muscle tissue,

blood vessels, tendons and nerves

• Tendons attaches muscles to bones

• Ligaments attaches bones to other bones.

 Antagonistic muscles

• pairs of muscles that work together: when one contracts the other
relaxes

• An example is the bicep and triceps muscles of the arm. When we

bend our arm at the elbow the bicep contracts while the tricep
relaxes. When we straighten our arm the bicep relaxes while the
tricep contacts.
Problems with the skeleton

• Wear-and-tear arthritis or degenerative joint disease, osteoarthritis

is characterized by progressive wearing away of the cartilage in the
joint. As the protective cartilage is worn away, bone is exposed, the
knee becomes swollen, and activities become increasingly painful.
• Depending on the severity patients can do a number of things to
treat this problem.
• They can take anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapy, use walking
aids and in severe cases they can do a replacement. A replacement
involves remove the worn cartilage and replacing it with metal or
plastic.