• Human Body Parts- A human body consists of a head, neck, trunk,

arms, and legs.

• The skeleton is a framework of bones, ligaments, and cartilages that gives the
body shape. Apart from giving shape, the spinal cord that runs along the human
body connects the brain to other parts of the body.
• Also, it provides a protective casing for vital organs in our bodies. Like the
thoracic cage for lungs, the skull for the brain, etc.
• Every adult human being has 206 bones in the body. During birth, we have 300
bones, but as we grow up, these bones fuse to form a framework and thus
leaving 206 bones in total.
• There are also a few vestigial bones in the human body that have no use now.
Over the course of evolution, they are no more functional or have any specific
• The bones and cartilages in our body are connected by Connective
tissue- ligaments and tendons.
• Ligaments attach bone to bone, and tendons attach muscle to bone.
• Both tendons and ligaments can stretch, but only to a certain amount.
• If they stretch too much, it can cause an injury: Ligaments that stretch
too far cause sprains or tears. Tendons that stretch too far cause strains
or tears.
• Axial Skeleton - Bones of the skull and trunk of vertebra form the axial
skeleton.
• Out of the total of 206 bones, 80 bones constitute the axial skeleton.
• The bones in the axial skeleton include- Vertebra, Coccyx, Sacrum, Ribs,
and Sternum.
• Its basic function is to provide protection to the internal organs. As it
surrounds the vital organs like the brain, lungs, heart, etc.
• Appendicular Skeleton - The bones that help in movement and
locomotion are part of the appendicular skeleton. These bones are
movable and possess flexibility.
• Apart from providing support, facilitating locomotion, and providing
protection to vital organs, bones also aid blood cell production.
• The bone marrow present inside the bone has stem cells, which are
responsible for the production of red blood cells, and they also store
white blood cells.
the body cavities
• cranial cavity / skull
thoracic cavity/thorax
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
• sex organs
• bladder
• rectum
 cells & tissues
function of cells
digestion
excretion
respiration
growth repair
cell reproduction
tissues
The human body is a single structure but it is made up
of billions of smaller structures of four major kinds:
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Systems
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
 cells
• Cells have long been recognized as the simplest units of living matter that can
maintain life and reproduce themselves.
• The human body, which is made up of numerous cells, begins as a single,
newly fertilized cell.
 Tissues
• Tissues are somewhat more complex units than cells.
• By definition, a tissue is an organization of a great many similar cells with
varying amounts and kinds of nonliving, intercellular substances between
them.
 Organs
• An organ is an organization of several different kinds of tissues so arranged that
together they can perform a special function.
• For example, the stomach is an organization of muscle, connective, epithelial,
and nervous tissues.
• Muscle and connective tissues form its wall, epithelial and connective tissues
form its lining, and nervous tissue extends throughout both its wall and its
lining.
 Systems
• Systems are the most complex of the component units of the human body.
• A system is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged
that together they can perform complex functions for the body.
• Ten major systems compose the human body:
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive
Body Functions & Life Process
• Body Functions - Body functions are the physiological or
psychological functions of body systems.
• Survival is the body's most important business.
• Maintaining homeostasis.
Life Process
• All living organisms have certain characteristics that distinguish
them from non-living forms.
• The basic processes of life include organization, metabolism,
responsiveness, movements, and reproduction.
• there are additional requirements such as growth, differentiation,
respiration, digestion, and excretion. (interrelated & continuous
process)
• Disruption - disease
brief description of the life process:
Organization
• At all levels of the organizational scheme, there is a division of labor.
Each component has its own job to perform in cooperation with
others. Even a single cell, if it loses its integrity or organization, will
die.
Responsiveness
• It is the act of sensing a stimulus and responding to it.
Movement
Reproduction
Growth
skin
• epidermis
• dermis
melanin production
Skeletal system
• Lonest bone – femur
• Shortest bone - stapes
Muscular system
Cardio vascular system / circulatory system
Consists of
• Heart
• Artery
• Vein
• capillaries
Lymphatic system
Digestive system
Food undergoes three types of processes in the body:
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Elimination
Reproductive system
• The major function of the reproductive system is to ensure survival
of the species.
• Within the context of producing offspring, the reproductive system
has four functions:
• To produce egg and sperm cells
• To transport and sustain these cells
• To nurture the developing offspring
• To produce hormones