S T R U C T U R A L CONCEPTS

of
Architecture

SOCIA
, KATHREEN DAWN T
S T R U C T UR E & ARCHITECTURE
THE ROLE OF STRUCTURE IS ESSENTIAL TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF ARCHITECTURE. THE
SIMPLEST WAY OF DESCRIBING THE FUNCTION OF AN ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE IS TO
SAY THAT IT IS THE PART OF A BUILDING WHICH RESISTS THE LOADS THAT
ARE IMPOSED ON IT. A BUILDING MAY BE REGARDED AS SIMPLY AN ENVELOPE WHICH
ENCLOSES AND SUBDIVIDES SPACE IN ORDER TO CREATE A PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT.

WALLS. THE SURFACES WHICH FORM THE

ENVELOPE.

FLOORS. SUBJECTED TO THE GRAVITATIONAL

LOADSOF THE OCCUPANTS AND THEIR
EFFECTS.
ROOFS. SUBJECTED TO VARIOUS TYPES OF LOADING:
EXTERNAL SURFACES ARE EXPOSED TO THE CLIMATIC
LOADS OF SNOW, WIND AND RAIN; S
 S T R U C T U R A L CONCEPTS of Architecture
 BY GRAVITY
THERE’S NO CONCEPT OF FLOOR AND CEILING WITHOUT GRAVITY.

HUMANS ARE ABLE TO MOVE EASILY ACROSS A HORIZONTAL SURFACE THANKS TO

GRAVITY, AND STRUCTURES ARE ABLE TO REMAIN STABLE IN ONE PLACE.GRAVITY IS
A CONSTANT FORCE THAT ARCHITECTS FACE AS A CHALLENGE TO CREATE NEW
POSSIBILITIES. IT PLACES SOME RESTRICTIONS ON HOW HUMAN BODIES LOOK. IN
BOTH ARCHITECTURE AND NATURE, GRAVITY IS FIRST USED AS ONE OF THE
PRIMARY FACTORS THAT CREATES FORM. THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE WITH ITS PYLONS,
CABLES, AND DECKS, GOTHIC CATHEDRALS WITH THEIR STRUCTURALLY EXPRESSIVE
FLYING BUTTRESSES, AND PYRAMOMIDS WITH THEIR SELF-SATISFIED MASS WOULD
NOT BE POSSIBLE WITHOUT GRAVITY.

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 BROOKLYN BRIDGE A SUSPENSION BRIDGE
BETWEEN SOUTHERN MANHATTAN AND
NORTHERN BROOKLYN (ON LONG ISLAND) IN
NEW YORK CITY. CONSTRUCTED 1869-1883, IT WAS
ONE OF THE PERIOD'S ENGINEERING MARVELS
AND IS CELEBRATED IN ART AND LITERATURE.

THE WEIGHT OF THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE MORE CHARGES

ADDED BY TRAFFIC TRAVELING OVER THE BRIDGE IS
TRANSMITTED IN FULL TO THE DRAMATIC GOTHIC
TOWERS THAT ARE IN TURN RESPONSIBLE FOR
TRANSMITTING LOADS TO LAND MORE THAN 20 METERS

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BELOW FROM THE RIVER.
GOTHIC CATHEDRALS

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 S T R U C T U R A L CONCEPTS of Architecture
 POST AND LINTEL
THE POST-AND-LINTEL SYSTEM, WHICH SERVED AS THE FOUNDATION FOR ARCHITECTURE.

THE ANCIENT WORLD HAS THIS COMMON BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ALL OVER IT.
A HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE, OR LINTEL, WAS BALANCED ON TOP OF THE VERTICAL SUPPORTS
(POSTS) THAT WERE BURIED IN THE GROUND.THE POSTS SUPPORT THE LINTEL AND ITS HEAPS
WITHOUT PULVERIZING OR CLASPING.THIS TECHNIQUE, WHICH IS STILL USED TODAY FOR
DOORWAYS THAT ARE SET WITHIN WALLS, WOULD LATER BECOME A CENTRAL PART OF
ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE.

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 PARTHENON
THE PARTHENON IS A POST-AND-LINTEL TEMPLE,
WHICH MEANS THAT TWO UPRIGHT MEMBERS,
THE POSTS, SUPPORT A THIRD MEMBER, THE
LINTEL, WHICH IS LAID HORIZONTALLY ACROSS
THE POSTS. THIS SYSTEM IS CALLED A POST-AND-
LINTEL SYSTEM.

STONEHENGE
FROM PREHISTORIC TIMES TO ROMAN TIMES, WAS
UTILIZED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT
STRUCTURES LIKE STONEHENGE IN BRITAIN.COLUMNS
WITH STONE LINTELS COVER THE INTERIORS OF EGYPTIAN
TEMPLES AND THE EXTERIORS OF GREEK TEMPLES.

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 S T R U C T U R A L CONCEPTS of Architecture
 VAULTS & ARCHES
THE GOTHIC VAULT'S STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS WERE ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL
FACTORS IN DETERMINING THE PLAN AND SECTION OF A MEDIEVAL CHURCH. THE VAULT WAS A
FEATURE THAT WAS RARELY ABSENT FROM IMPORTANT CHURCHES.GOTHIC VAULTS SAW
REGULAR EXPANSION.THOSE FROM THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY ARE RELATIVELY
STRAIGHTFORWARD;THOSE FROM THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY ARE TYPICALLY CHARACTERIZED
BY EXTREMELY SIGNIFICANT STRUCTURAL ISSUES AND ARE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE
ELABORATE.THE FIFTEENTH-CENTURY STRUCTURES ARE MORE METHODICAL AND, AS A RESULT,
MORE STRAIGHTFORWARD IN PRINCIPLE THAN THE STRUCTURES THAT CAME BEFORE THEM.
HOWEVER, THEY ARE ALSO ASTONISHING WORKS OF ART THAT ARE ENRICHED WITH AN
INFINITE NUMBER OF COMPONENTS, MAKING IT DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE HOW THEY CAN STAND
UP UNTIL THE SECRET IS REVEALED.

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ARCHES

A STRUCTURE
WITH A CURVE
THAT SPANS AN
OPENING.DESIGNE
D PRIMARILY FOR
AXIAL
COMPRESSION
SUPPORT OF A
VERTICAL LOAD.

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ARCHES

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ARCHES

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ARCHES

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ARCHES

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ARCHES

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ARCHES

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ARCHES

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 S T R U C T U R A L CONCEPTS of Architecture
 FLYING BUTTRESS
A FLYING BUTTRESS IS A MASONRY STRUCTURE THAT CARRIES THE THRUST
OF A ROOF OR VAULT AND TYPICALLY CONSISTS OF AN INCLINED BAR
SUPPORTED BY A HALF ARCH THAT "FLIES" FROM THE UPPER PART OF A
WALL TO A PIER SOME DISTANCE AWAY. THE PIER IS FREQUENTLY
CROWNED BY A PINNACLE, A VERTICAL ORNAMENT OF PYRAMIDAL OR
CONICAL FORM THAT ADDS WEIGHT AND IMPROVES STABILITY.

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 S T R U C T U R A L CONCEPTS of Architecture
 DOMES
A UNIQUE STRUCTURE THAT IS DESIGNED TO EXERT EQUAL THRUST IN ALL DIRECTIONS AND
HAS A PLAN THAT IS CIRCULAR, TYPICALLY IN THE SHAPE OF A PORTION OF A SPHERE.

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DOMES

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 S T R U C T U R A L CONCEPTS of Architecture
 FRAMES
A FRAME STRUCTURE IS ONE THAT RESISTS LATERAL AND GRAVITY LOADS BY COMBINING
BEAM, COLUMN, AND SLAB. MOST OF THE TIME, THESE STRUCTURES ARE USED TO GET
AROUND THE LARGE MOMENTS CAUSED BY THE APPLIED LOAD.

FRAME STRUCTURES' EASE OF CONSTRUCTION IS ONE OF THEIR GREATEST BENEFITS. IT IS

EXCEPTIONALLY EAST TO SHOW THE WORK AT THE BUILDING SITE. IT IS POSSIBLE TO
CONSTRUCT FRAME STRUCTURES QUICKLY. WHEN DESIGNING BUILDING SYSTEMS, ECONOMY

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IS ANOTHER VERY IMPORTANT FACTOR. OUTLINE STRUCTURES HAVE AFFORDABLE PLANS.
 S T R U C T U R A L CONCEPTS of Architecture
 TUBE CONSTRUCTION
THE TUBE IS A SYSTEM IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING WHERE A BUILDING IS DESIGNED TO
BEHAVE LIKE A HOLLOW CYLINDER THAT CANTILEVERS PERPENDICULAR TO THE GROUND TO
RESIST LATERAL LOADS (WIND, SEISMIC, IMPACT).WHILE WORKING IN THE CHICAGO OFFICE OF
THE ARCHITECTURAL FIRM SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL (SOM), FAZLUR RAHMAN KHAN
INTRODUCED THIS SYSTEM.

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 S T R U C T U R A L CONCEPTS of Architecture
 MUSHROOM CONSTRUCTION
MUSHROOM BUILDING. THE EARLY C20 TYPE OF R.C. CONSTRUCTION IN WHICH THE TOPS
OF COLUMNS ARE SHAPED INTO A DISC THAT IS MUCH LARGER THAN THE COLUMN'S
DIAMETER:THE FORM IS MUCH MORE SLENDER THAN THE UPPER PART OF AN ANCIENT
EGYPTIAN BELL-CAPITAL, AND IT LOOKS LIKE A MUSHROOM. THE DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS IS
SUCH THAT BEAMS ARE UNNECESSARY BECAUSE THESE DISCS SUPPORT FLOOR SLABS.IT
WAS FIRST INTRODUCED BY MAILLART IN 1908, AND F. L. WRIGHT USED IT WELL IN THE
JOHNSON WAX BUILDING IN RACINE, WISCONSIN (1936–9).

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 S T R U C T U R A L CONCEPTS of Architecture
 STRETCHED MEMBRANE
THE STRETCHED-MEMBRANE IDEA IS A WAY TO SUPPORT A LARGE, OPTICALLY ACCURATE
SURFACE WITH STRUCTURES THAT ARE LIGHTER AND CHEAPER THAN WHAT IS CURRENTLY
POSSIBLE.
LAYER STRUCTURES ARE SPATIAL DESIGNS MADE FROM TENSIONED FILMS. PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES, TENSILE MEMBRANE STRUCTURES, AND CABLE DOMES ARE ALL EXAMPLES OF
STRUCTURAL MEMBRANE APPLICATIONS. MEMBRANES COLLABORATE WITH CABLES,
COLUMNS, AND OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CONSTRUCTION TO FORM THESE THREE TYPES
OF STRUCTURES.
MEMBRANES CAN ALSO BE USED FOR NON-STRUCTURAL CLADDING, LIKE AT THE BEIJING
NATIONAL STADIUM, WHERE PTFE-COATED GLASS FIBER FABRIC AND ETFE FOIL ARE USED
TO FILL IN THE SPACES BETWEEN THE MASSIVE STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. THE BEIJING
NATIONAL AQUATICS CENTER, ALSO KNOWN AS THE WATER CUBE, WAS CONSTRUCTED AS
THE SITE'S OTHER MAJOR STRUCTURE IN PREPARATION FOR THE SUMMER OLYMPICS IN
2008.IT IS COMPLETELY COVERED IN 100,000 SQUARE METERS OF INFLATED ETFE FOIL
CUSHIONS ARRANGED IN A CELLULAR STRUCTURE THAT APPEARS TO BE RANDOM.
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THE B E I J I N G N A T I O NA L S TA D I U M STRETCHED MEMBRANE

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B E I J I N G N A T I O NA L AQUATIC CENTTER
 S T R U C T U R A L CONCEPTS of Architecture
 SUSPENDED SYSTEM
A STRUCTURE THAT IS SUPPORTED BY CABLES COMING FROM BEAMS OR TRUSSES THAT ARE
ATOP A CONCRETE CENTER COLUMN OR CORE IS KNOWN AS A SUSPENDED STRUCTURE.
CANTILEVERED FLOORS, THE ROOF, AND THE WALLS CAN ALL BE SUPPORTED ENTIRELY BY
CABLES AND A CENTER COLUMN THANKS TO THE DESIGN.
Eero Saarinen was the architect who created Dulles
International Airport.141 feet of cable run across the roof
structure.It was built in Washington, DC, following a
modular design.Because of their clever design, the pillars
become wider at their bases.

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 S T R U C T U R A L CONCEPTS of Architecture
 STRATIFICATION
ARCHITECTURE STRATIFICATION IS A METHOD THAT USES REFINEMENT TRANSLATIONS TO
CONNECT MULTIPLE VIEWS OF A SINGLE SYSTEM SO THAT EACH VIEW ACCURATELY
DESCRIBES THE SYSTEM AT A PARTICULAR LEVEL OF ABSTRACTION.

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 S T R U C T U R A L CONCEPTS of Architecture
 PREFABRICATION
IN ARCHITECTURE, PREFABRICATION IS A BUILDING METHOD THAT MAKES IT EASIER AND
FASTER FOR ARCHITECTS TO DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT STRUCTURES. MORE IMPORTANTLY,
ARCHITECTS NOW HAVE ACCESS TO PREVIOUSLY DIFFICULT SITES, ALLOWING THEM TO
WORK ON MUCH LARGER SCALES.

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6130 Residence in Paradise Valley, Arizona by Chen + Suchart Studio

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 METHODS
OF
CONSTRUCTIONS
PROFESSIONALS ESPECIALLY ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS USES CONSTRUCTION METHODS
WHEN CONSTRUCTING HOMES, OFFICES, AND OTHER STRUCTURES.COSTS, AVAILABLE
MATERIALS, THE CONSTRUCTION TEAM'S EXPERTISE, AND THE BUILDING'S LOCATION ALL
PLAY A ROLE IN WHICH METHOD A PROFESSIONAL TEAM CHOOSES TO BUILD.
PROFESSIONALS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, INCLUDING ARCHITECTS AND
ENGINEERS, MUST COMPREHEND CONSTRUCTION METHODS.THIS KNOWLEDGE AIDS IN
PROJECT PLANNING, STRUCTURE DESIGN, AND SAFE WORKPLACE DESIGN.WHEN
INTERVIEWING FOR POSITIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, IT IS ALSO HELPFUL TO
KNOW THIS INFORMATION.

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 PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM
THE FLOOR AND WALLS OF A BUILDING ARE BUILT OFF-SITE WITH THE HELP OF A PRECAST
FLAT PANEL SYSTEM. THE ENGINEER OR PROJECT MANAGER OF THE BUILDING FREQUENTLY
SUPPLIES MEASUREMENTS OF THE FLOOR AND WALL PANELS TO A THIRD-PARTY
MANUFACTURING FACILITY. AFTER THAT, THE PROFESSIONALS TRANSPORT THESE PANELS
AND JOIN THEM WITH HEAVY MACHINERY. THIS CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE CAN BE
BENEFICIAL TO CONSISTENT-DESIGN BUILDINGS LIKE STRIP MALL STORES OR OFFICE
BUILDINGS.

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FLAT SLAB CONSTRUCTION
ONE OF THE MOST COMMON AND EFFECTIVE WAYS FOR PROFESSIONALS TO PROVIDE
SUPPORT FOR A BUILDING IS FLAT SLAB CONSTRUCTION.TO REINFORCE FLOORS FROM
BELOW, THIS METHOD MAKES USE OF ROBUST COLUMNS THAT ARE ATTACHED TO THE
MIDDLE OF A CONCRETE SLAB.THE USE OF FLAT SLAB CONSTRUCTION ENABLES
PROFESSIONALS TO COMPLETE PROJECTS MORE QUICKLY AND IMPROVES ENERGY
EFFICIENCY.EXPERTS FREQUENTLY USE FAT SECTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARKING
STRUCTURES AND MODERN STRUCTURES.

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PRECAST CLADDING PANELS
For load-bearing and aesthetic reasons, professionals use precast cladding panels, a versatile
construction method. Manufacturers produce these cladding panels, which are then
transported to the construction site for professional attachment to the building's exterior
frame. Replicating the design of any building can be accomplished at a low cost using precast
cladding panels.

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CONCRETE WALLS AND FLOORS
ON THE CONSTRUCTION SITE, PROFESSIONALS POUR AND CURE CONCRETE, ALSO KNOWN AS
CEMENT FLOORS. PROFESSIONALS FREQUENTLY EMPLOY SPECIALIZED TOOLS TO IMPART A
SMOOTH TEXTURE AND FINISH TO THE CONCRETE FLOORS AND WALLS. HAVING SUBSTANTIAL
WALLS AND FLOORS HAS NUMEROUS BENEFITS, INCLUDING A LOW CONSTRUCTION COST AND
MINIMAL UPKEEP FOR THE BUILDING OWNER. THIS METHOD IS USED BY PROFESSIONALS FOR
A WIDE RANGE OF PROJECTS, INCLUDING BASEMENTS AND GROUND FLOORS IN RESIDENTIAL
AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS.

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TIMBER FRAMING
CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS EMPLOY HEAVY-DUTY AND HIGH-QUALITY LUMBER WHEN
IMPLEMENTING TIMBER FRAMING TECHNIQUES. A BUILDING FRAME IS CREATED BY
PROFESSIONALS BY JOINING LONG TIMBER BEAMS TOGETHER. LUMBER OUTLINING IS A
NOTABLE DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE THAT HAS TURNED INTO A CUTTING EDGE PLAN
PATTERN FOR AMERICAN HOMES.

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HEAVY STEEL FRAMING
HEAVY STEEL FRAMING, LIKE TIMBER FRAMING, JOINS STEEL BEAMS TO FORM A BUILDING'S
FRAME. THESE STEEL BEAMS ARE MADE BY PROFESSIONALS IN MANUFACTURING AND
SHIPPED TO THE CONSTRUCTION SITE FROM FACTORIES. THIS METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION IS
RECOMMENDED BY PROFESSIONALS FOR SKYSCRAPERS AND OTHER BUILDINGS THAT
REQUIRE A LOT OF STRUCTURAL SUPPORT.

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MASONRY
MATERIALS MADE OF STONE ARE USED IN MASONRY. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION INVOLVES
JOINING INDIVIDUAL BRICKS OR STONES TOGETHER WITH MORTAR TO FORM A BUILDING
FRAME, WHICH IS THEN REINFORCED WITH CONCRETE. THIS CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE IS
USED BY PROFESSIONALS FOR AESTHETIC AND REINFORCEMENT REASONS. MASONRY IS A
POPULAR METHOD FOR BUILDING HOUSES.

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 MANNER
OF
CONSTRUCTIONS
 ARCHITECTS PARTICIPATE IN MORE THAN JUST THE DESIGN PHASE OF A BUILDING. BY
DESIGNING BUILDINGS THAT MAKE THE MOST OF NATURAL LIGHT AND VENTILATION WHILE
REDUCING THE NEED FOR HEATING AND COOLING, ARCHITECTS CAN ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO
IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY. A MEETING IS CALLED TO DISCUSS THE PROJECT'S
REQUIREMENTS WHEN A CLIENT CONTACTS AN ARCHITECT. IT MAY TAKE SEVERAL MEETINGS
UNTIL THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN SATISFIES BOTH PARTIES. HOWEVER, A SINGLE PERSON
CANNOT DESIGN AN ENTIRE STRUCTURE; TECHNICAL ISSUES AND A BUILDING'S STRUCTURAL
INTEGRITY ARE DISCUSSED BY ARCHITECTS AND CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS.

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THE JOB OF ARCHITECTS IN DEVELOPMENT COULDN'T POSSIBLY BE MORE SIGNIFICANT.
TYPICALLY, THEY SKETCH AND DESIGN ANY CONSTRUCTION PROJECT TO LAY THE GROUNDWORK
FOR IT. THEY ARE PROFESSIONAL CREATIVES WHO ARE TASKED WITH PROVIDING A BUILDING'S
STRUCTURE AND AESTHETICS ON PAPER, WHICH WILL BE BUILT.

Maintenance

Project Building
Discussion construction

Documentation
Supervision
and Drawings

Cost Estimation Contracts S

STRENGTH, UTILITY & BEAUTY. VITRUVIUS

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED THROUGHOUT THE SEMESTER BY THE

GUIDANCE OF THE AMAZING APOLLO VITRUVIUS IS THAT
ARCHITECTS ARE BUILT TO EXTEND PEOPLE'S LIVES BY CREATING
AND ACCOMODATING THE BEST, STABLE UTILES AND
STRUCTURES.

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REFERENCE
https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.VQwMrlMwKUEi3WYTM-dqnAHaFj?w=213&h=180&c=7&r=0&o=5&dpr=1.3&pid=1.7
Flat slab construction DRAWING - Bing images
https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.YOGyTW8q7_wahzHZhfFObwHaHa?w=200&h=200&c=7&r=0&o=5&dpr=1.3&pid=1.7
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/dc/56/39/dc5639be1990e2dd29ba36641b0eeab3.jpg
Concrete walls and floors SKETCHES - Bing images
https://www.bing.com/images/search?
view=detailV2&ccid=1unAQ5RK&id=626C9B4DDE9E9D7DC70ED1450ED14F31D5880D6F&thid=OIP.1unAQ5RKTfocK3nQ6jCaQwHaHC&media
url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.riverbendtf.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2018%2f09%2ftimber-detail-
duke1.jpg&exph=1402&expw=1476&q=timber+framing&simid=608030914093452396&FORM=IRPRST&ck=528EE6F851AA6BE588C7B3AF85F
0DB1D&selectedIndex=5
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