ARTCHITECTURE

(1) The Elements of Architecture

(2) Architecture in Civilization

(3) Philippine Architecture

THE ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
 VITRUVIUS
POLLIO

FIRMI
TAS
UTILI

TAS
FIRMENESS
HOW DOES THE BUILDING STAND UP?
 STRUCTURAL
REQUIREMENTS
❖ Durabilit ❖ Strength and
y Rigidity

❖ Stability and
Equillibrium
POSTS AND BEAM STRUCTURES
STRUCTURAL
Load bearing walls: TYPES
Vaults Trusses:
:

Skeleto
n
Folded roof:

Arches:
Dome
:
COMMODITY
HOW DOES THE BUILDING FUNCTION?
 DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION –
DEVELOPMENT OF NEEDS, REQUIREMENTS, SPACES
Any building
requires a
certain
amount of
internal
infrastructure
to function,
which
includes such
elements like
heating / cooling,
power and
telecommunications,
SEEING
ARCHITECTURE
 Is a central principle of architectural theory and an important connection between
mathematics and art. It is the visual effect of the relationships of the various objects and
spaces that make up a structure to one another and to the whole. These relationships
are often governed by multiples of a standard unit.
 Texture plays a dual role in architecture: it expresses something of the quality
of materials, and it gives a particular quality to light. Although one absorbs both
qualities simultaneously by eye, the first has tactile, the second visual
associations.
 We can define rhythm as a patterned repetition of elements in space. We
place elements and experienced the intervals between them. When our eyes
move from one element to the next and through this rhythm in space we can
enjoy a sense of organized movement .
 Color is a sensory perception, and as any sensory perception, it has effects
that are symbolic, associative, synesthetic, and emotional. These being design
goal considerations that demand adherence to protect human psychological
and physiological well-being within their man-made environment.
In architecture and decorative art, ornament is a decoration used
to embellish parts of a building or object.
ARCHITECTURE IN CIVILIZATION
TERRA AMATA

Discovered by Henry de
Lumley in October 1965
A springtime camping
ground for a group of Homo
erectus hunters who visited
the spot anually during a
period of several decades
sometime during 400.000-
300.000 years ago.
NEANDERTHAL BURIALS

Discovered in 1908 at La
Chapelle-aux-Saint, France,
the remains of a very elderly
man, buried carefully with
stone tools laid around the
body.
Around the male skeleton
had been interred resting on
a bed of pine boughs and
flowers, and was then
covered with blossoms.
 Cro-Magnon Dwelling:
A number of dwelling sites of early Homo
sapiens sapiens have been uncovered across
Europe.
 In middle of stone age villages, Yugoslavia:
numerous house were built in trapezoidal
plan ,
measuring from 8-11 feet lenghthwise , and had
limestone plaster floors with central stone-lined
hearths.
Cro-Magnon humans had painted hundreds of
images of animals
The colours were achieved using pigments of
powdered mineralsmixed with animal fat, egg white,
or other liquids
 NEOLITHIC DWELLING

Indicated as the remains of a settlements at Lepenski Vir

on the Danube in the Iron Gates region of north-central
Yugoslavia, dating from about 5000 BC to 4600 BC.
In the remains of a Neolithic settlement of about 4500
BC was found a clay model of a rectangular house.
 STONEHE
NGE

Of all the prehistoric megalithic

constructions, the best known
 3
MAJOR
PHASES
• Over a period of more than
1200 years.
• 1st stage between 2950 BC
and 2750 BC, consisted of
marking out the location. A
circle was drawn 320 feet in
diameter. The heelstone,
erected just outside the
enterance.
• 2nd; between 2200 BC and
2075 BC, a crescent of
bluestone uprights was
erected inside the circle,
including a large upright stone
aligned with two others
outside the enterance near the
heelstone.
• 3rd; the bluestone were
temporarily removed, and
immense sandstone sarsens,
 SKARA BRAE

At one village, dating from 2500 BC and abandoned about 1500 BC. Located in
Orkney Island north of Scotlands. Revealed by accidant after a lashing storm
1850 blew off the sand that had covered the village for more than three
thousand years.
 THE FIRST CITIES

• The deliberate growing of grain begun in

southern Egypt as early as 15.000 BC to
10.000 BC as is evidence by the well-used
grinding stones found there.
• By 8000 BC, agriculture had been firmly
established in in what is called the Fertile
Crescent, along the valley of the Nile, up
to the coast of the Eastern
Mediterannean, and through the well as in
what is now southern Turkey.
• The ancient city of
Jericho in modern Israel
have shown that this was
an established city as
early as 8000 BC.
• Covered an area of 32
acres (12,9 hectares), of
which less than quarter
was excavated during
1961-1966, an area that
turned out to be a
residential quarter.
• Entry to the houses was
by means of a hole in
the roof that also
served as the vent for
the smoke of the central
hearth.
•By the 6000 BC, primitive
villages were scattered
across the lower
Tigris-Euphrates valley, and
by the 3500 BC, larger cities
were being built.
•The first of the large cities in
Mesopotamia were
 3

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

Rehabilitation and reconstruction confronted the new
Philippine government after World War II. From this
period on to the ‘70s, Philippine architecture was
dominated by the American style.
1946
The independent Philippines
expressed its identity by
implementing Modernism
through the utilization of
reinforced concrete, steel and
glass, the predominance of cubic
forms, geometric shapes and
Cartesian grids, and the
absence of applied decoration.
1947
A corps architecture
engineers
of were
and tasked
to study the modern US
and Latin American
capitals and formulate a
master plan for Manila.
1950S &
1960S
The staple
architectural elements were
the brise-soleil, glass wall,
pierced screens, movable
louvres and pre-fabricated
concrete moldings.
CONCRETE
Reinforced concrete
(RC) is a composite
material in which concrete's
relatively low tensile
strength and ductility are
counteracted by the
inclusion of reinforcement
having higher tensile
strength or ductility.
CAST IRON
Cast-iron architecture is a form of architecture
developed through the use of cast iron. It was a
prominent style in the Industrial Revolution era
when cast iron became relatively cheap and
yet been modern steel had not developed.
Cast iron is not a good structural material for
handling tension or bending moments because
of its brittleness and relatively low tensile
strength compared to steel and wrought iron.
developed.
Cast iron is not a good structural material for
handling tension or bending moments because
of its brittleness and relatively low tensile
strength compared to steel and wrought iron.
STEEL CAGE
Steel cage is a type of
constructions usually for
high buildings, in which the
loads and stresses are
transmitted to the
foundations by a steel
framework of beams and
columns.
CANTILEVER
A cantilever is a rigid structural
element, anchored at only one end
to a (usually vertical) support from
which it is protruding. such as a
beam or a plate.
TRUSS
A truss is a structure of
two-that "consists
Force members only, where the

members are
organized so that the
assemblage as a
whole
object".behaves as a
A "two-fo
single
member" is rce structu
a
component ral i
where force
applied to only two s
points.
The post-war doctrine was FORM FOLLOWS
“form follows function” FUNCTION
professed by third
The shape of a building or
generation architects,
object should be primarily
namely, Cesar Concio,
based upon its intended.
Angel Nakpil, Alfredo Luz,
Cesar Otillo Arellano,
Felipe Mendoza, Gabriel
Formoso and Carlos
Arguelles.
 RD
3 GENERATION
ARCHITECTS
CESAR CONCIO SR.
•He is the first architect of the University
of the Philippines
•He is also one of the selected by
President Roxas in 1947 to study the
trends in Architecture and Engineering
to design the buildings of the Capital
City
•His famous architectures are the
1907 - Melchor Hall & Church of the
2003 Risen Lord in UP Diliman
CESAR CONCIO SR.

MELCHOR HALL CHURCH OF THE

IN UP DILIMAN RISEN LORD

1907 -
2003
MELCHOR
HALL

It is a long horizontal,
five-storey reinforced
concrete building
designed in planar
forms tempered with
Filipino design
expression. Internal
spaces flow rather
than being rigidly
boxed.
MELCHOR
HALL
Melchor Hall is a
symmetrical structure which
is divided into two wings by
an imposing central section.
This large rectangular three-
storey-high portal serves as
the main entrance of the
building. An equally
imposing concrete stairway
terminates at the portal,
flanked by 2 plain columns
that soar three storeys high.
ANGEL NAKPIL
•He is the nephew of architect and
National Artist of the Philippines Juan
Nakpil.
•He was a charter member of the United
Architects of the Philippines, which was
founded in 1975
•One of his architectures is the National
Press Club.
1914 -
1980
ANGEL NAKPIL

1914 - National Press Club

1980
NATIONAL PRESS CLUB

The National Press Club

building was inaugurated on
December 30, 1955 with President
Magsaysay as sponsor, along with
several cabinet members and
other government officials and
other donors. The NPC building
became a historic monument to
the ideals of press freedom and
unity among colleagues in the
country's newspaper industry It
was designed by Architect Angel
E. Nakpil and was constructed by
Alberto T. Abaya.
PICACHE BUILDING

This 12-story Picache

Building is considered as
the first skyscraper in the
Philippines. This was built in
the mid-1950s using the
International Style
architectural design.
ALFREDO LUZ
•He is the brother of National Artist for
Sculpture Arturo J. Luz.
•His body of work includes the Menzi Building
on Ayala Avenue, the Amon Trading building
on Buendia, the L & S Building on Roxas Blvd.,
Dewey Blvd., Manila, and the Fil- Oil Refinery
Service Building in Limay, Bataan.

1922 -
1989
ALFREDO
LUZ

Quisumbing WHO Headquarters in

Building U.N Avenue
1922 -
1989
 RAMON MAGSAYSAY
CENTER
• It is a 18-storey building located at the corner
of Roxas Boulevard and Dr. Joaquin
Y. Quintos Street in Malate, Philippines.
• It is the first structure in the country to sport
column-free structural concept. The design
used pre-cast and pre-stressed beams like a
tree rooted on the ground. The exterior of the
building was designed to withstand the salty
environment that surrounds the building. It
was clad with travertine marble slabs
embedded in the frame of the building.
OTILIO ARELLANO
•He is the son of Arcadio Arellano and
the nephew of Juan Arellano.
•He rose into the Architectural Profession
during the 50s to 60s, becoming the one
of the architects representing the
Philippines in some International
Expositions.
•He was also chosen by Imelda
Marcos to restore the Metropolitan
Theater.
1916 -
1981
OTILIO ARELLANO

1916 - National Bureau of Investigation

1981 Headquarters
FELIPE MENDOZA
•He is an architect and a
physical planner.
•He formed a partnership with
Gabino de Leon and Homero
Ingles but formed his own
architectural firm in 1951.
•One of his works is the
1917 - Philippine Veterans Bank.
2000
FELIPE
MENDOZA

1917 - Philippine Veterans Bank

2000
 PHILIPPINE VETERANS
BANK
• The concept of a bank for
veterans of World War II
was conceived in 1956,
when a war reparations
agreement was signed
between Japan and the
Philippines.
• The Philippine Veterans
Bank was born on June 18,
1963 through Republic Act
No. 3518.
GABRIEL FORMOSO
•He started his career in the 1950’s and
by the 1960’s, he was already successful
and became the most popular architect
of the residences of the posh Makati
villages.
•He was also one of the people selected in
1963 to the planning and working
committee for the future Pamantasan
1915 - ng Lungsod ng Maynila.
1996
 CENTRAL BANK OF THE
PHILIPPINES
• It is one of the Postwar styles of Philippine architecture classified
as “Post-Independence/Post-Colonial, specifically, Brutalism. It is
a harmonious composition of massive concrete blocks relieved of
their severity by continuous horizontal bands of windows.
CARLOS ARGUELLES

•He served as a professor in

Design at the UST College of
Architecture and Fine Arts.
•His works include the Philam
Life Building in Ermita,
Manila and the International
Rice Research Institute in
1917 -
2008
Laguna.
PHILAM LIFE BUILDING
The building was built in accordance
with the International Style of
architecture. It stands out on its own
thanks to its unique design as its
concrete exterior is wrapped around
layers of aluminum “sheets” called sun
bristles or “brise soleil” which serve to
illuminate by means of as well as to
control the sunlight coming in. In
addition, it also boasts a unique
molded shell concrete walkway leading
to the building’s main entrance and its
spacious lobby.
LEANDRO LOCSIN
•He is known for his use of
concrete, floating volume and
simplistic design in his various
projects.
•He was proclaimed a National
Artist of the Philippines for
Architecture in 1990 by the late
President Corazon
C. Aquino.
1928 -
1994
CULTURAL CENTER OF THE
PHILIPPINES
• It is an essence of original
Filipino design inspired by
the various styles but most
generally International Style
during that period when this
structure was built.
• It features several brutalist
structures designed in the
1960s and 1970s
PHILIPPINE INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTION CENTER
•It was also built during the era
Marcos as a place to amuse
foreign important persons or
VIPs to discuss grand affairs
and held enormous
conventions.
•It was extensively made of
concrete and glasses on its
main facade. The detail of its
vast cantilever was designed
in a series of square within
the square.
PHILIPPINE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
CENTER
•It was also built during the era
Marcos as a place to amuse
foreign important persons or
VIPs to discuss grand affairs
and held enormous
conventions.
•It was extensively made of
concrete and glasses on its
main facade. The detail of its
vast cantilever was designed
in a series of square within
the square.
COCONUT PALACE
•The Coconut Palace is made of several
types of Philippine hardwood, coconut
shells, and a specially engineered
coconut lumber apparently known as
Imelda Madera.
•Each of the suites on the second floor is
named after a specific region of the
Philippines and displays some of the
handicrafts these regions produce.
•The palace is shaped like an octagon
(the shape given to a coconut before
being served), while the roof is shaped
like a traditional Filipino salakot or hat.
SEVERAL PRINCIPLES DETERMINE
THE WORKS OF THE INDIVIDUAL
ARCHITECTS, AMONG WHICH ARE:
1. BUILDINGS MUST SUIT THE
TROPICAL CONDITION OF THE
COUNTRY.
Thisis exemplified
by Pablo Antonio’s
use of “double
sunshades” in
Capitan Luis
Gonzaga (1949),
which gave the
building protection
from excessive
sunlight and rain.
2. BUILDINGS MUST NOT MERELY
FUNCTION; THEY MUST HAVE A
PURPOSE.
Cesar H. Concio
demonstrated in the UP
Protestant Chapel
Church of the Risen
Lord, which has a
distinctive “saddle-
shaped-hyperbolic
paraboloid of one sheet.”
3. The “quiet” or “rest” section must be
separated from the “noisy,” the “social”,
and the “active” parts of the house.
Juan Nakpil and the
Sons apply this dictum
in their plans for
single-storey residences
in Forbes Park, San
Lorenzo Village, and
other exclusive
communities.
 4. THERE MUST BE UNITY AND
CONTINUITY OF INTERIOR SPACE
WITH OUTER SPACE.
IT ALSO ACHIEVED BY
BRINGING THE OUTDOORS
INSIDE BY THE USE OF
SCREENED AND TRELLISED
TERRACES AS IN ANGEL
NAKPIL’S DESIGNS FOR
RESIDENCES.
❑ It describes material qualities and new
approaches to design.
❑ The most obvious associations with soft have
been material characteristics—yielding readily
to touch or pressure; deficient in hardness;
smooth; pliable, malleable, or plastic
❑ These new design approaches
were skeptical of modernism; soft
was deemed to enable
uniqueness, openness, and
lawlessness.
 SOFT MODERN
ARCHITECTURES
IN THE PHILIPPINES
❑ The Church of the Risen Lord was designed to have an
exterior shape similar to a parabola. This kind of
architectural design symbolizes the belief that there
are imperfections outside the Christian world and all
of our aspirations to be perfect are useless.
❑ A characteristic of a parabola is that it has no
distinctive peak just like of a triangle and it has no
one slope. As we go up the parabola, before we get to
the highest peak, we can observe that we eventually
go down.
❑ Also, entering in the church represents the desire to
partake the God’s Bread of Life, which symbolizes
God’s spiritual being. As we continue to go to the
chancel (similar to the altar of the Catholics but has
no visual representations of holy beings) – the
salvation despite the imperfections in the real
world, we can observe that the width of the church
is narrowing and this represents the one true
path/direction towards the chancel (the salvation).
❑ In addition, the overall architecture of the
Church provides a light, airy feeling due
to the louvres; the large window panels
also provides a natural lighting to scatter
around the Church. There is also a
balcony where the music ministry is
situated during service.
❑ The Church has a basilica design and features a concrete
shell roof, this time curved like a piece of folded paper. As
you enter the church you would first notice the big cross
at the center of the altar with no human image, a partly
explanation for this is the Protestant belief that Jesus'
physical body was glorified and resurrected and no
longer resides on the earth therefore the lack of Jesus'
physical images.
The place provides a solemn and serene
atmosphere to worship and provides for
its congregation. On the benches are
several copies of the Bible, notebooks and
pens. The Church is also a popular venue
for weddings.
❑ The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice is the landmark
Catholic chapel in the University of the
Philippines Diliman. Known for its architectural
design, the church is recognized as a National
Historical Landmark and a Cultural Treasure by
the National Historical Institute and the National
Museum respectively.
❑ Five National artists collaborated on the project. The
building was designed by the late National Artist for
Architecture, Leandro Locsin. Alfredo Juinio served as the
structural engineer for the project. Around the chapel are
fifteen large murals painted by Vicente Manansala depicting
the Stations of the Cross. The marble altar and the large
wooden cross above it were sculpted by Napoleon Abueva.
The mosaic floor mural called the “River of Life” was
designed by Arturo Luz.
 ✔ The First structure with a thin shell concrete
dome architecture.
✔The Chapel is basically open, there are no doors.
✔ Slanted columns
✔ The chapel is circular,and the
Altar is right in the center of the circle.
The majority of the thin concrete shell
structures were constructed by pouring
wet concrete onto a rigid wooden formwork,
often assembled from straight elements. This
construction process required many skilled
craftsmen.