Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology

Southern University College

BAPS2003 Basic Power System

and Electric Machines
Semester 2023B

Case Study Assignment Presentation

Group 3
Name Student ID
Ng Khai Le B230127B
Lau Hui Yoo B210178C
Ngeu Chee Hau @ Yeo Chee Hau B230106B
1.the reason for the client why the energy is dissipated
on the transformer.

• AC current in transformer coil creates a variable magnetic flux in the transformer’s core,
which induces a changing electromotive force (EMF) across any additional coils coiled
around the same core.

• Mutual induction between two windings connected by a shared magnetic flux

• Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a physical connection
between the two circuits.

• Coils are electrically isolated but magnetically connected

• Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

• EMF frequency is identical to the supplied emf.

• If secondary winding is a closed circuit, mutually

induced current will flow through it, transferring
electrical energy primary to the secondary

• Flux loss

• Hysteresis loss

• Eddy currents loss

• Resistive loss
 RESISTIVE LOSS/ COPPER LOSS

• for primary, for secondary

• Electrical noises, harmonics increasing resistive loss because higher frequencies lead the
electrons to move closer towards the conductor’s outer circumference (skin effect).

• Where is the resistivity of the material, L is the length of the wire and A is the cross
sectional area of the wire.
CORE LOSSES
• eddy current losses
• hysteresis losses
• Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss are influenced by the magnetic
characteristics of the material used to build the core
 EDDY CURRENT LOSSES

• currents created in the metal components of the system by the shifting magnetic
field is known as eddy current loss
• core heats up as a result of this current.
• solid iron core - larger eddy current losses, iron is excellent conductor
 HYSTERESIS LOSS
• result from friction between molecules and the magnetic lines of force that must
flow in order to magnetise the core;
• these lines of force are continually changing in value and direction, first in one
direction and then the other, under the effect of the sinusoidal supply voltage
• Harmonics create more hysteresis loss
 FLUX LOSS
• There is leakage flux when the flux does not pass through the core
• The iron core might first get saturated, making it unable of accepting any
additional flux lines. Then, the lines of flux go through the air without being
interrupted by the secondary
• lead to poor voltage regulation
 2. WHAT ARE THE TESTS THAT SHOULD BE CONDUCTED TO
ENSURE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE TRANSFORMER

• open-circuit and short-circuit tests

• calculate the efficiency and voltage regulation
 3. HOW THE TESTS ARE
CONDUCTED

Open circuit test

• No-load test
• Determine no load branch characteristics (core loss, magenetizing loss)
• Measuring on primary side (normally LV), Secondary (normally HV side) open
circuited
• Variac, an ammeter, a voltmeter, and a wattmeter
• Primary voltage adjusted to the transformer’s typical rated voltage, varied by
variac
 CONTINUED …

• primary current = no load current, is low because open-

circuited secondary
• Choose low range ammeters and low range current coils,
• power factor is too low when there is no load, thus use
LPF wattmeter
• The input power , input current , and rating voltage are
measured from this test.
Short circuit test
• full-load test
• Determine series copper losses
• Determine equivalent impedance (), total winding resistance ( or ), and total leakage reactance ( or )
• Measuring on primary side (normally HV), Secondary (normally LV side) short circuited by thick
wire
 CONTINUED …

• If step up transformer (LV-primary, HV-secondary) while still measuring on HV side, get , , and

• If step down transformer (HV-primary, LV-secondary) while still measuring on HV side, get , ,
and

• slowly vary the variac while applying a low voltage to the primary that is typically 5 to 10
percent of the rated voltage
 CONTINUED …

• When the primary circuit’s ammeter reads a normal full-load primary current, the input voltage is
increased from zero
• When this happens, the secondary winding is flowing with the typical full-load secondary current.
• core losses are so negligible at this low input voltage level
• The input power , input current , and rating voltage are measured from this test.
 4. HOW TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY
OF TRANSFORMER

Materials
• Core types have high power losses
• Shell types have minimal power losses
• Iron, amorphous metals, ferrite ceramics, and other materials may all be used to create cores
• Amorphous metal core transformers are among the most effective transformers available
• This is caused by the fact that amorphous metal has a lower hysteresis loss than typical silicon steel
transformer cores
 EDDY CURRENT REDUCTION IN TRANSFORMER
CORES

• Eddy Current Generation

Secondary winding interaction with changing magnetic field in main winding causes
eddy currents in the transformer core.
• Efficiency Improvement
To enhance efficiency, consider using a layered iron core. Enamel paint insulation
between layers restricts eddy current flow.
 CONTINUED …

• Minimizing Losses
Constructing the core from thin bonded iron sheets reduces losses, eddy currents, and heating. Thin
sheet-iron layers shorten current paths.
• Insulating Varnish
Each sheet's insulating varnish confines these currents within specific laminations. Eddy currents in the
entire core are reduced.
• Alloy Composition
These thin sheets are crafted from alloys like silicon-iron or nickel-iron, which magnetize more easily
than pure iron.
 ENHANCING TRANSFORMER VA VALUE

• Raising Volt-Amperes (VA)

 Improved design and construction boost transformer VA value by minimizing core and copper losses.
• High Voltage & Current Transformers
 To reduce copper losses, use conductors with wider cross sections in high voltage and current
transformers.
• Improved Insulation
 Increase insulation's capacity to withstand higher temperatures, contributing to enhanced VA performance.
• Efficient Cooling
 Employ forced air or oil cooling methods to accelerate heat absorption. Effective cooling elevates the
transformer's VA grade.
ENHANCING TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY AND
COOLING
• Low Resistance
Minimal resistance in main and secondary coils is essential to prevent excess heating. High
resistance leads to energy wastage as heat. Coolants decrease resistance and improve efficiency.
• Heat Management
Effective cooling processes are crucial to control transformer heat. Eddy currents, iron, copper,
and hysteresis losses contribute to overheating. Copper's I2R loss is a primary cause.
• Transformer Types
Transformers come in two main types: oil-immersed and dry-type transformers.
 COOLING METHODS

• Air Natural
Smaller transformers benefit from natural convection, replacing hot air with cooler air.
• Air Blast
Convection moves heated oil to higher tanks and radiators cool it.
• “Oil Natural Air Natural ONAN” and “Oil Natural Air Forced ONAF”
Forced air cooling, with expanded tank area, cools transformers up to 60 MVA.
 CONTRINUED…

• “Oil Natural Water Forced ONWF”

• Oil-immersed core is cooled by a radiator and heat exchanger using pumped water.
• “Oil Forced Water Forced OFWF”
• Rapid oil cooling via heat exchange with water instead of air.
5. HOW TO CONDUCT MAINTENANCE ON
THE TRANSFORMER.
• Maintenance and inspection ensures efficient operation and extended service life
• Effectively maintains the normal and safe operation
• Reducing the risk of breakdowns
• Ensure the availability and safety for the power system
5. HOW TO CONDUCT MAINTENANCE ON
THE TRANSFORMER.
• Condition of insulating materials
 Effects of time and environment

 Insulating materials such as winding insulation and insulating washers may become aged.
 Through regular insulation resistance measurements and partial discharge tests
 Insulation materials can be repaired or replaced if aged.
5. HOW TO CONDUCT MAINTENANCE ON
THE TRANSFORMER.
• Oil pools and oil insulation

 Used for insulation, but also for cooling and arc extinguishing.
 Monitoring the electrical and chemical properties of the oil
 dielectric strength and water content
 Avoids electrical failures and corrosion.
5. HOW TO CONDUCT MAINTENANCE ON
THE TRANSFORMER.
• Management of temperature
 Heat is generated during operation.

 Overheating can lead to insulation ageing and breakdown.

 Check the temperature of every part to detect errors early
 winding and oil temperatures.
 Ensure that the temperature does not become too high at rated load.
5. HOW TO CONDUCT MAINTENANCE ON
THE TRANSFORMER.
• Cooling System
• Proper operation of the cooling system
 Clean the cooler
 Check fan operation
 Smooth circulation of cooling oil
5. HOW TO CONDUCT MAINTENANCE ON
THE TRANSFORMER.
• Current and Voltage Checks
• overload or other unusual conditions.
• Overloading may cause
 overheating
 Performance reduction or damage
5. HOW TO CONDUCT MAINTENANCE ON
THE TRANSFORMER.
• Protection system testing
• Protects the operation of the device.
• Ability to quickly and emergency cut off the power supply in the case of a breakdown
• Environmental factors
• Influence of external environmental factors:
 Humidity ， Climate temperature.
• Affects the performance of the transformer.
• Applying antirust paint and sealing extends the operating time of the transformer.
 REFERENCES

[1] Amoiralis, E. I., Tsili, M. A., & Kladas, A. G. (2009). Transformer design and optimization: a literature survey. IEEE
Transactions on power delivery, 24(4), 1999-2024.

[2] Ayasun, S., & Nwankpa, C. O. (2006). Transformer tests using MATLAB/Simulink and their integration into undergraduate
electric machinery courses. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 14(2), 142-150.

[3] Christina, A., Salam, M. A., Rahman, Q. M., Wen, F., Ang, S. P., & Voon, W. (2018). Causes of transformer failures and
diagnostic methods–A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 1442-1456.

[4] Hamoodi, A. N., Hammad, B. A., & Abdullah, F. S. (2020). Experimental simulation analysis for single phase transformer
tests. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 9(3), 862-869.

[5] Hayes, J. G., o’Donovan, N., Egan, M. G., & O’Donnell, T. (2003, February). Inductance characterization of high-leakage
transformers. In Eighteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2003. APEC’03. (Vol. 2, pp.
1150-1156). IEEE.