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Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Quarter 1- Module3:
KINEMATICS
Ms. Lingo MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION
General Physics 1

Ms. Cabase
Ormoc City Senior Prepared by
High School SHERYL MAY S. LINGO/ EDNA D. CABASE
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Welcome!

Objects are in motion all around us. Everything from a tennis match to a space-probe flyby
of the planet Neptune involves motion. When you are resting, your heart moves blood
through your veins. Even in inanimate objects there is continuous motion in the vibrations
of atoms and molecules. Interesting questions about motion can arise: how long will it take
for a space probe to travel to Mars? Where will a football land if thrown at a certain angle?
An understanding of motion, however, is also key to understanding other concepts in
physics. An understanding of acceleration, for example, is crucial to the study of force.

Ormoc City Senior

High School
4
 LESSON OBJECTIVES

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

1.Convert a verbal description of a physical situation involving uniform

acceleration in one dimension into a mathematical description.
STEM_GP12Kin-Ib
2.Interpret displacement and velocity, respectively, as areas under velocity
vs. time and acceleration vs. time curves.

Ormoc City Senior

High School
KINEMATICS – MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

Relative motion
Quantifying Motion
Speed vs. Velocity
Distance vs. Displacement
Acceleration
Kinematic equations
Graphical interpretation of motion

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Sign Conventions

Positive sign Negative sign

Travel East, to the right or travel Travel West, to the left or travel
North, upwards South, downwards

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 MOTION

The wings of this

hummingbird are moving so
fast that they're just a blur
of motion.

Ormoc City Senior

High School
9
 DEFINING MOTION

In science, motion is defined as a change in

position. An object's position is its location.

It is also a continuous change in position with

respect to its reference point.

Ormoc City Senior

High School
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Ormoc City Senior
High School
11
 Brief History of Motion

Sumaria and Egypt

Mainly studied motion of celestial bodies (sun, moon, stars, planets, etc.)
Greeks
Also tried to understand the motion of celestial bodies
Systematic and detailed studies
Geocentric (Earth-centered) model

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 “Modern” Ideas of Motion

Copernicus
Developed the heliocentric (sun-centered) system
Galileo
Made astronomical observations with a telescope
Experimental evidence for description of motion
Quantitative study of motion

Ormoc City Senior

High School
1
4

Ormoc City Senior

Q: In each of the following picture what is
High School moving and how is its position changing?
1
5

Answers:
1. The train and all its passengers are speeding straight
down a track to the next station.
2.The man and his bike are racing along a curving
highway.
3.The geese are flying over their wetland environment.
4.The meteor is shooting through the atmosphere
toward Earth, burning up as it goes.
Ormoc City Senior
High School
REFERENCE POINT / FRAME OF REFERENCE

Ormoc City Senior

High School
16
Frame of reference refers to something that is not
moving with respect to an observer that can be used
to detect motion.
For the children on the bus, if they use other children riding
the bus as their frame of reference, they do not appear to be
moving. But if they use objects outside the bus as their
frame of reference, they can tell they are moving.

Ormoc City Senior

High School
17
 Position

Defined in terms of a
frame of reference
One dimensional, so
generally the x- or y-axis
Defines a starting point
for the motion
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Dynamics
The branch of physics involving the motion of an object and
the relationship between that motion and other physics
concepts
Kinematics is a part of dynamics
In kinematics, you are interested in the
description of motion
Not concerned with the cause of the motion
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Quantities in Motion

Any motion involves three concepts

Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration

These concepts can be used to study objects in motion

Ormoc City Senior
High School
 DISTANCE
Distance (d ) – how far you
have traveled, regardless of
direction (length of the path
traveled)

Ormoc City Senior

High School
21
 Displacement
Defined as the change in position
x  xf  xi
f stands for final and i stands for initial
May be represented as y if vertical
Units are meters (m) in SI, centimeters (cm) in cgs or feet (ft) in
US Customary
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Displacements

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Displacement Isn’t Distance

The displacement of an object is not the same as the distance it travels

Example: Throw a ball straight up and then
catch it at the same point you released it
The distance is twice the height
The displacement is zero

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Distance vs. Displacement
You drive the path, and your odometer goes up by 8 miles (your
distance).
Your displacement is the shorter directed distance from start to stop
(green arrow).
What if you drove in a circle?

start

Ormoc City Senior stop

High School
 DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

Suppose that in going to school,

you walked 40 m east and 30 m
north.
a.What was the total distance
you travelled?
b.What was your total
displacement?

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 SPEED
The average speed of an object is defined as the total distance traveled divided
by the total time elapsed
total distance
Average speed 
total time
d
v 
t

Speed is a scalar quantity

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Speed, cont

Average speed totally ignores any variations in the

object’s actual motion during the trip
The total distance and the total time are all that is
important
SI units are m/s
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Velocity
 It takes time for an object to undergo a displacement

 The average velocity is rate at which the displacement occurs

x x f  x i
v average  
t t f  t i
generally use a time interval, so let ti = 0

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Velocity continued

 Direction will be the same as the direction of the

displacement (time interval is always positive)
 + or - is sufficient

 Units of velocity are m/s (SI), cm/s (cgs) or ft/s (US Cust.)
 Other units may be given in a problem, but generally will need
to be converted to these

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Speed vs. Velocity

Cars on both paths have the same average velocity since they had the same
displacement in the same time interval
The car on the blue path will have a greater average speed since the distance it
traveled is larger
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 SPEED AND VELOCITY
A marble rolled along the edge of a stick that Solution:
is 30.0 cm long. If the marble moves from Speed:
the left to the right and reaches the other end
v = d/t
of the stick in 0.500 seconds, what is the
= 0.300 m / 0.500 s
speed and velocity of the marble in m/s?
= 0.600 m/s
Given:
Velocity:
d = 30.0 cm = 0.300 m
v = d/t
t = 0.500 s
= 0.300 to the right/ 0.500 s
Unknown: speed ; velocity
Ormoc City Senior
= 0.600 m/s right
High School
 Graphical Interpretation of Velocity

Velocity can be determined from a position-time

graph
Average velocity equals the slope of the line
joining the initial and final positions
An object moving with a constant velocity will
have a graph that is a straight line
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Average Velocity, Constant

The straight line indicates

constant velocity
The slope of the line is
the value of the average
velocity

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Average Velocity, Non Constant

The motion is non-constant

velocity
The average velocity is the
slope of the blue line
joining two points

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Instantaneous Velocity

The limit of the average velocity as the time interval becomes

infinitesimally short, or as the time interval approaches zero

The instantaneous velocity indicates what is happening at every point

of time

lim x
v  t  0
t
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Instantaneous Velocity on a Graph

 The slope of the line tangent to the position-vs.-time graph

is defined to be the instantaneous velocity at that time.

The instantaneous speed is defined as the magnitude of the

instantaneous velocity.

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Uniform Velocity

 Uniform velocity is constant velocity.

 The instantaneous velocities are always the same.

 All the instantaneous velocities will also equal the average velocity

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Acceleration

 Changing velocity (non-uniform) means an acceleration is

present
 Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity
v vf  vi
a  
t tf  ti

 Units are m/s² (SI), cm/s² (cgs), and ft/s² (US Cust)
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 AVERAGE ACCELERATION

 Vector quantity
 When the sign of the velocity and the
acceleration are the same (either positive or
negative), then the speed is increasing
 When the sign of the velocity and the
acceleration are in the opposite directions, the
speed is decreasing
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Instantaneous and Uniform Acceleration

 The limit of the average acceleration as the

time interval goes to zero.
 When the instantaneous accelerations are
always the same, the acceleration will be
uniform
 The instantaneous accelerations will all be equal to the average
acceleration
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Graphical Interpretation of Acceleration

 Average acceleration is the slope of the line

connecting the initial and final velocities on a
velocity-time graph.
 Instantaneous acceleration is the slope of the
tangent to the curve of the velocity-time graph.
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Average Acceleration

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Relationship Between Acceleration and Velocity

 Uniform velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining the same size)

 Acceleration equals zero

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Relationship Between Velocity and Acceleration

 Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions

 Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same
length)
 Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)
 Velocity is positive and acceleration is negative
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Kinematic Equations

Used in situations with uniform acceleration

v  v o  at
1
x  vt  v o  v  t
2
1 2
x  v o t  at
2
2 2
v  v o  2ax
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Notes on the equations

 vo  vf 
 x  v average t t
 2 

Gives displacement as a function of velocity and time.

Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked for the acceleration.

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Notes on the equations

v  v o  at

Shows velocity as a function of acceleration and time

Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked to find the displacement

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Graphical Interpretation of the Equation

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Notes on the equations

1 2
 x  v o t  at
2
 Gives displacement as a function of time, velocity and acceleration
 Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked to find the final velocity

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Notes on the equations

2 2
v  v  2 a x
o

Gives velocity as a function of acceleration and

displacement.
Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked for the time.
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 LET US CHECK

1. The picture shows the unusual path of a confused football player. After
receiving a kickoff at his own goal, he runs downfield to within inches of
a touchdown, then reverses direction and races back until he’s tackled at
the exact location where he first caught the ball. During this run, what is
(a) the total distance he travels, (b) his displacement, and (c) his average
velocity in the x-direction?

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 TRUE OR FALSE
Define east as the negative direction and west as
the positive direction. (a) If a car is traveling east,
its acceleration must be eastward. (b) If a car is
slowing down, its acceleration may be positive. (c)
An object with constant nonzero acceleration can
never stop and stay stopped.
Ormoc City Senior
High School
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INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 LESSON OBJECTIVES

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

a.Differentiate vector and scalar quantities
b.Perform addition of vectors
c.Rewrite a vector in component form

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Introduction to Vectors
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTJ-hW2TVwE

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 SCALAR
Scalar
Example Magnitude
A SCALAR quantity Speed 35 m/s
is any quantity in
physics that has
MAGNITUDE ONLY Distance 25 meters

Number value
with units Age 16 years

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 VECTOR
Vector Magnitude and
Example Direction
A VECTOR quantity
is any quantity in Velocity 35 m/s, North
physics that has
BOTH MAGNITUDE Acceleration 10 m/s2, South
and DIRECTION
Displacement 20 m, East

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Vector quantities can be
identified by bold type
with an arrow above the
symbol.

V = 23 m/s NE
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Vectors are represented
by drawing arrows

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 The length and direction
of a vector should be
drawn to a reasonable
scale size and show its
magnitude
10 km
20 km

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 VECTOR APPLICATION
•ADDITION: When two (2) vectors point in
the SAME direction, simply add them
together.
•When vectors are added together they
should be drawn head to tail to determine
the resultant or sum vector.
•The resultant goes from tail of A to head of
B.

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Let’s Practice

A man walks 46.5 m east, then another 20 m east.

Calculate his displacement relative to where he started.

46.5 m, E + 20 m, E

66.5 m, E

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 VECTOR
APPLICATION

SUBTRACTION: When two (2) vectors

point in the OPPOSITE direction,
simply subtract them.

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Let’s Practice some more….

A man walks 46.5 m east, then another 20 m west. Calculate his displacement relative to
where he started.

46.5 m, E

-
20 m, W

26.5 m, E

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Graphical Method
Aligning vectors head to tail and then drawing the resultant from the
tail of the first to the head of the last.

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Graphical Vector Addition A + B

Step 1 – Draw a start point

Step 2 – Decide on a scale
Step 3 – Draw Vector A to scale
Step 4 – Vector B’s tail begin at Vector A’s head.
Draw Vector B to scale.
Step 5 – Draw a line connecting the initial start
point to the head of B. This is the resultant.
Ormoc City Senior
High School
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 NON CO-LINEAR VECTORS

When two (2) vectors are

PERPENDICULAR to each other, you
must use the PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM ( c = a + b )
2 2 2

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Let’s Practice FINIS
H
the hypotenuse is
called the RESULTANT

A man travels 120 km 160 km, N

VERTICAL
east then 160 km north. COMPONENT

Calculate his resultant

displacement. 120 km, E

HORIZONTAL COMPONENT

2 2 2 2 2
c a b  c a b

Ormoc City Senior

c  resul tan t  120  160 
2 2

High School
c  200 km
 WHAT ABOUT DIRECTION?
In the example, DISPLACEMENT is asked for and since it
is a VECTOR quantity, we need to report its direction.
N
W f N
No of o
N E f E
fW o
N
W S of W E
N of E S of E

S
E
of

of
NOTE: When drawing a right triangle

S
that conveys some type of motion, you
MUST draw your components HEAD
TO TOE.
S

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Directions
There is a difference between Northwest and West of North

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 NEED A VALUE – ANGLE!
Just putting N of E is not good enough (how far north of
east ?). We need to find a numeric value for the direction.

To find the value of the

200 km angle we use a Trig
160 km, N function called
TANGENT.
 N of E opposite side 160
120 km, E Tan     1.333
adjacent side 120
1 o
  Tan (1.333)  53.1


So the COMPLETE final answer is : 200 km, 53.1 degrees North of East
Ormoc City Senior 
High School
 What are your missing components?
Suppose a person walked 65 m, 25 degrees East of North. What were his
horizontal and vertical components? The goal: ALWAYS MAKE A RIGHT
TRIANGLE!
H.C. = ?

To solve for components, we often use

V.C = ? the trig functions sine and cosine.
25˚ 65 m

adjacent side opposite side

cosine  sine 
hypotenuse hypotenuse
adj  hyp cos  opp  hyp sin 

adj  V .C.  65 cos 25  58.91m, N

Ormoc City Senior
opp  H .C.  65 sin 25  27.47 m, E
High School
 Example
A bear, searching for food wanders 35 meters east then 20 meters north. Frustrated, he
wanders another 12 meters west then 6 meters south. Calculate the bear's displacement.

- = 23 m, E

R  14 2  232  26.93m
12 m, W - = 14 m, N Tan  
14
 .6087
6 m, S
23
1 
20 m, N   Tan (0.6087)  31.3

R 14 m, N
35 m, E


23 m, E

The Final Answer: 26.93 m, 31.3 degrees NORTH of EAST

Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Example
A boat moves with a velocity of 15 m/s, N in a river which flows
with a velocity of 8.0 m/s, west. Calculate the boat's resultant
velocity with respect to due north.
2 2
Rv  8  15  17 m / s
8.0 m/s, W
8
15 m/s, N
Tan    0.5333
Rv  15
1 
  Tan (0.5333)  28.1

The Final Answer : 17 m/s, @ 28.1 degrees West of North

Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Example
A plane moves with a velocity of 63.5 m/s at 32 degrees South of East. Calculate the
plane's horizontal and vertical velocity components.

adjacent side opposite side

cosine  sine 
H.C. =? hypotenuse hypotenuse
32˚ adj  hyp cos  opp  hyp sin 
V.C. = ?

63.5 m/s
adj  H .C.  63.5 cos 32  53.85 m / s, E
opp  V .C.  63.5 sin 32  33.64 m / s, S

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 Example
A storm system moves 5000 km due east, then shifts course at 40 degrees
North of East for 1500 km. Calculate the storm's resultant displacement.
adjacent side opposite side
cosine  sine 
hypotenuse hypotenuse
1500 km
V.C. adj  hyp cos  opp  hyp sin 
40
5000 km, E H.C. adj  H .C.  1500 cos 40  1149 .1 km, E
opp  V .C.  1500 sin 40  964.2 km, N

2 2
5000 km + 1149.1 km = 6149.1 km R  6149.1  964.2  6224.2 km
964.2
Tan    0.157
6149.1
1 o

 Tan (0.157)  8.92
R
964.2 km
 The Final Answer: 6224.2 km
6149.1 km
Ormoc City Senior  @ 8.92 degrees, North of
High School East
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 Remember,
YOU are amazing,
YOU are smart!

Good Luck on finishing your

modules!
Ormoc City Senior
High School
 The Modules

Ormoc City Senior

High School
 The Modules

Ormoc City Senior

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 The Modules

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 The Modules

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High School
 Thank you!
Any questions?

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