BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF EARLY HUMANS

AND MODERN HUMANS

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in

EVOLUTION the nineteenth century.

A change that takes place overtime.

BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
refers to the changes, modifications, and variations in
the genetics and inherited traits of
biological populations from one generation to another.
HUMAN EVOLUTION
• is the revolutionary
process leading to the
appearance of
modern-day humans.
HOMO- is used to
determine the species
of human beings.
HOMINIDS- is the
direct ancestors of
homo species
TREE OF LIFE
>all the
organism
have one
common
ancestors in
the past
 NATURAL
NATURAL SELECTION SURVIVAL OF
THE FITTEST
SELECTION
>Biologically
adapt to
changes in
order to FIT TRAITS
HARSH
UNFIT TRAITS
ENVIRONMENT
survive
>Variation
>Competition SURVIVE END

>Survival
>Reproduce REPRODUCE
AND INHERIT
>Genes THE TRAITS
 NATURAL NATURAL
SELECTION SURVIVAL OF SELECTION SURVIVAL OF
THE FITTEST THE FITTEST

HARSH
FIT TRAITS
ENVIRONMENT
UNFIT TRAITS LONG NECK Drought Short neck

SURVIVE END SURVIVE END

REPRODUCE REPRODUCE
AND INHERIT AND INHERIT
THE TRAITS THE TRAITS
 COMMON
ANCESTORS

GORILLA/CHIMPANZEE HOMINIDS
The Relationship of Apes and Humans
• Genome and genetic
make up comparison=
98.5%
• Note:
It does not mean
human evolved
from chimpanzee
We are related but
we did not descend
from them
FOSSILS
• Remains of living
things hardened in
rock, mud, sand or
land.
• Provides outline of
human evolutions.
Activity: 10 minutes
1. Homo Habilis
2. Homo Erectus
3. Homo Sapiens
4. Homo Sapiens
sapiens
AFRICA
- “the cradle of humankind”
- pinagmulan ng lahat ng kauna-unahang
ebidensyang fossils
Human evolution- after a million years, human
evolution experienced long biological and socio-
cultural evolution. From “Apelike” until he reached the
complete human anatomy of a real human
(homosapiens) and his current form and condition
(homosapiens sapiens)
• Hominid –a term used to call 1st people and
those “human-like” creatures. That can walk
bipedalism (using feet).

3 Classification of Hominids
1. Early Hominids- first chapter of human
evolutions
2. Australopithecus –second chapter of
human evolution
3. Homo – last chapter of human evolution
3 Classification of Hominids
1. Early Hominids
More Ape-like traits- cranial
capacity
Human-like traits- Small
canine
•Sahelanthropus Tchadensis
 1st hominid
 The oldest hominid lived in Africa
6-7 million years ago
 Michel Brunet
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Can be as tall as chimps
2. Small teeth like other hominids
3. Walking straight
3 Classification of Hominids
2. Australopithecus 3. Homo/Homo Genus
Combination of human-like Possesses various
and ape-like biological(anatomy) and
characteristics. cultural characteristics of a
More developed complete human being
bipedalism, skull & spines More human like less ape
like
- Means “Human”
- Larger brain and can
walk more upright
(bipedal)
Australopithecine o Australopithecus
- means“southern ape”
- fossils found in Africa only
- 5 to 1 million years ago
Australopithecine o Australopithecus
Characteristics:
1] can stand and walk using 2 feet
2] have 1/3 of brain size compared to the human brain
today
3] have “opposable thumbs”
A] Pick things
B] can hold things
C] Perform a complex task
4] “tool user” not “tool maker”
5] Pick foods (scavengers)
Species in Australopithecine o
Australopithecus:

1] Australopithecus africanus
2] Australopithecus afarensis
3] Australopithecus robustus
1] Australopithecus Africanus

- 1st found fossils in Australopithecus

- Live 3 to 2.4 million years ago
- Raymond Dart 1924 in Taung, South
Africa
Fossil skull of Australopithecus africanus
2] Australopithecus Afarensis
- 3.5 to 2.9 million years ago
- “LUCY” -Donald Johanson in Afar,
Ethiopia 1974
• “Lucy in the Sky
with Diamonds.”
 Fossil skull of
Australopithecus afarensis
3] Australopithecus robustus

- Louis at Mary Leakey

from Great Britain found
the fossils in Olduvai
Gorge, Tanzania
- with larger teeth, jaw, and
build body, compared to
Australopithecus africanus
at Australopithecus
afarensis
Fossil skull OF Australopithecus robustus
Approximately after 1 million
years, Australopithecus
disappeared.
They were replaced by more
intelligent hominid type:
Homo.
Species of Homo:

1] Homo habilis
2] Homo erectus
3] Homo sapiens
Homo habilis
 1] Homo habilis

- Means handy man or able man

- First maker of stone tool
- Fossil and skeleton found in Olduvai
Gorge in Tanzania at Lake Turkana in
Kenya
Homo erectus
2] Homo erectus

- Means: upright man

- 1st species of homo who
went out in Africa
going to Asia and
Europe
- More intelligent and
adaptable compared to
Homo habilis
 2] Homo erectus

Skilled hunter
- Used Achuelian hand axe and refined tools
- Live in cave
- Discovered and used fire
- Bigger brow and skull
THE ACHUELIAN TOOLS
IMPORTANCE OF FIRE:

1] Served as their light inside the cave

2]Cook foods
3] Heater during winter or cold environment
4] Used to scare wild animals
5] The area inhabited by man expanded
2 Example of Homo erectus
1] Java Man
2] Peking Man
2 Example of Homo erectus
1.JAVA MAN
- 1ST remains (skull) of Homo erectus
found in Java, Indonesia by Eugene
Dubois 1891
- Age: 1.8 million
years
2 Example of Homo erectus
2] Peking Man
- Skull
- Zhoukoudian, China
- Age: 1.1 to 1 million years
Homo sapiens
 3] Homo sapiens

- means: wise man

- Larger brain and almost as big as
modern humans today
- Create more developed, refined and
sophisticated tools, shelters and
technology
 3] Homo sapiens
Example of tools
1. Fish hooks
2. bow and arrows
3. sibat (spear throwers)
4. karayom para sa pananahi (sewing needles)

2 examples of species in Homo sapiens

1] Cro-Magnon
2] Tabon Man
 3] Homo sapiens
1] Cro-Magnon
- Known as the oldest homo sapiens
- Believed to have first appeared in North
Africa and later, travelled to Europe and Asia
 3] Homo sapiens
2] Tabon Man
- Cave in Tabon Palawan 1962
- 1 skull cap, Jaw and teeth
- Live 23,000 years ago
 2 Sub type of Homo Sapiens

1. Homo Neanderthalensis/Neanderthal
man
-Looks like us but;
More robust
Sturdier
Bigger brain
-Found in Neander Valley, Germany
(fossil at artifact)
-Live from 200,000 to 300,000 years ago
Homo neanderthalensis
2. Homo sapiens sapiens
- Current human race
- 150,000 to 200,000 years ago
- skull is smaller and more compact, and the face is much
less elongated than the Neanderthal
- Spread throughout the world -Migration