The birth of a

molecule
 In 1811 . . .
The concept of molecules was first
introduced in 1811 by Amadeo
Avogadro and was accepted by many
chemists based on Dalton's laws of
Definite and Multiple Proportions
(1803-1808).
 Polarity of Molecul
Molecule
Molecule ar
Geometr
y
Molecu
le
 Molecu
le group of two
A molecule is a neutral
or more atoms held together by
chemical bond
 Polarity of Molecul
Molecule
Molecule ar
Geometr
y
Polarity
of
Molecule
 Polarity of
Molecule
In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading
to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole
moment, with a negatively charged end and a positively
charged end. Polar molecules must contain one or more polar
bonds due to a difference in electronegativity between the
bonded atoms.
 Polarity of Molecul
Molecule
Molecule ar
Geometr
y
Molecul
ar
Geometr
 Molecular
Geometry
 another important which determines if a molecule is polar or not.

 is an area of study in chemistry that deals with studying the three-

dimensional
(3D) shapes molecules form and how these shapes relate to chemical
reactivity and physical characteristics

 are determined by VSEPR Theory

 VSEPR Theory Guidelines to determine
(Valence-Shell Electron-Pair the VSEPR shape of a
Repulsion) molecule:
 VSEPR
Theory
(Valence-Shell Electron-Pair
Repulsion)
 VSEPR
Theory
 is a model used(Valence-Shell
in chemistryElectron-Pair
to predict the geometry of
Repulsion)
individual
molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding
their
central atoms.
 VSEPR
Theory
(Valence-Shell Electron-Pair
Repulsion)

Linea Bent Trigonal

r Planar TETrahe
Trigonal Octahedral
dal
Bipyramid
 is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of al
individual
molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their
central atoms.
 VSEPR Theory Guidelines to determine
(Valence-Shell Electron-Pair the VSEPR shape of a
Repulsion) molecule:
Guidelines to determine
the VSEPR shape of a
molecule:
Guidelines to determine the VSEPR shape of a
molecule:
 Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is
the least electronegative element.

 Count how many valence electrons the central atom has.

 Count how many valence electrons the side atoms have.

 Create the appropriate Lewis structure of the molecule.

 Using the Lewis structure as a guide, determine the appropriate

VSEPR
shape for the molecule.

 Note how many electrons are shared and unshared. This will
help determine the appropriate VSEPR shape.
 VSEPR Theory Guidelines to determine
(Valence-Shell Electron-Pair the VSEPR shape of a
Repulsion) molecule:
 Polar
molecule

Non – Polar
Molecule
 Polar
molecule
 Polar molecule
H2O Bent - polar due to two lone pairs

NH3 Trigonal pyramidal - polar due to one lone

pair

NO Linear - polar due to unequal sharing of

electrons
 Polar molecule

Bent, polar due to lone

pairs

Trigonal pyramidal, polar due to one lone

pair
H2O Bent - polar due to two lone pairs

NH3 Trigonal pyramidal - polar due to one lone pair

NO Linear - polar due to unequal sharing of electrons

 Polar
molecule

Non – Polar
Molecule
Non – Polar
Molecule
Non – Polar
Molecule
CO2 Linear

CH4 Tetrahedral

CCl4 Tetrahedral
 Group
5

Anore, Denise De Ocampo,

Aquino, Heart Ardhey S.
Bobias, Francis F. Fontamillas, Ashley
Camino, Galilie m.
Elisha Norodin, Em
Rambonanza, Bea